Identifying the geographical potential of rooftop systems: Space competition and synergy

Urban areas face severe challenges in mitigating and adapting to climate change within limited space. One solution is to develop multifunctional rooftop systems, which use underexploited urban rooftop spaces. Two main options have been to add greenery by installing extensive green roofs (EGRs) or to generate renewable energy by installing photovoltaic panels (PVs). Recently, combining the two systems on one rooftop (EGR-PV) to harvest both benefits has gained attention. Not every rooftop is suitable for such installations, which makes it difficult to estimate the scale of space a city can expect from rooftops to add greenery, renewable energy, or both. This study presents a geographical potential model using building parameters, a building stock layer, and LiDAR data to simultaneously identify the potential for installing EGRs, PVs, and EGR-PVs on rooftops, highlighting the competition and synergy between EGRs and PVs at the building level. As an empirical illustration to support future multifunctional urban rooftop space planning, Amsterdam was used as a case study. The results show that 47 % of rooftops are suitable for EGRs, which could expand the current greenery space by 6 %, and 55 % are suitable for PVs which could sufficiently provide electricity to households by 2030. Moreover, competition exists for 3.2 %, whereas synergy exists for 42 % of the existing rooftops.     

某弦支穹顶屋盖地震响应的三维隔震控制

以潍坊鸢都体育馆屋盖为弦支穹顶结构的工程背景，分别采用研发的SRB和PCDSB作为屋盖的水平向和竖向隔震设备，以此设计了屋盖的S-P三维隔震层，利用子空间迭代法对隔震屋盖进行了动力特性分析，运用Newmark逐步积分法和四阶显式Runge-Kutta迭代法编制了求解隔震屋盖地震响应的非线性时程分析程序X，采用ABAQUS有限元软件验证了自编程序X的正确性，并利用程序X对Ⅷ度和Ⅸ度地震波作用下的未隔震和隔震屋盖的地震响应进行了对比分析.结果表明：隔震屋盖的前四阶振型表现为水平向和竖向振动相耦联的特点；相同烈度同条地震波作用下，隔震屋盖的地震响应较未隔震的有了明显降低；同条地震波作用下，Ⅸ度的隔震屋盖地震响应比Ⅷ度的要大；本文设计的隔震屋盖在低频脉冲型地震波作用下，仍能保持较低的地震响应.     

Using superpixel- or pixel-based segmentation for efficient green roof digital image classification and rapid estimation of plant species cover

Green roofs are “nature-based solutions” that provide numerous ecosystem services in the context of urban green infrastructures. Plant species diversity and the associated vegetation communities, in strong interactions with green roof substrate, play a central role in the green infrastructure functioning. In order to better understand the influence of vegetation in relation with the co-benefits provided by green roofs as well as to select suitable species for these usually harsh environments, it is essential to be able to achieve accurate and long-term monitoring of plant communities. In this short communication, two free plugins recently developed for the open-source image analysis software Fiji (a distribution of the freely available ImageJ platform, initially dedicated to biological image analysis) were investigated for their capacity to rapidly and efficiently perform supervised machine-learning for the classification of green roof vegetation photographs, with the aim of estimating individual plant species abundance. Two simple methods are thus described using the Trainable Weka Pixel Segmentation (Arganda-Carreras et al., 2017) or the Trainable Superpixel Segmentation (Salinas Colina et al., 2018), which allowed for rapid, efficient and reproducible classification and estimation of multispecies colonized green roof regardless the color or shape similarities among species or ground cover materials. Finally, recommendations are made for the use of the Trainable Superpixel Segmentation which is particularly convenient for quick and efficient green roof image analysis.     

单屋面温室光照环境的数值实验

建立了分析单屋面温室直射光透光率、反射率及室内阴影率的计算机数学模型,并且利用该数学模型对三折式温室举例计算了温室方位角及温室长度与直射光透光率、反射率、室内阴影率的日变化关系。     

Can microbial inoculants boost soil food webs and vegetation development on newly constructed extensive green roofs?

Green roofs are a key to providing nature-based solutions in cities. However, most green roofs installed in the Northern hemisphere are shallow, stonecrop planted systems (“extensive” green roofs), which have been shown to support limited biodiversity and could be more effective at providing ecosystem services. One issue with this type of extensive green roof is that rootzones are almost sterile on construction, relying on natural colonisation to provide a soil food web. This is a slow process, meaning plant growth can also be slow. Our aim was to determine if a soil food web could be introduced when the green roof is built. We applied microbial inoculants (mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria (Bacillus spp.)) to a new green roof and monitored plant growth and the soil food web (bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and microarthropods). Different inoculants altered the composition of microarthropod communities, potentially impacting later succession. In particular, bacterial inoculants increased microarthropod populations. This is one of the first studies to demonstrate that the addition of microbial inoculants impacts not only plant growth, but also faunal components of the soil food web, which could have implications for long-term resilience. Bacteria were effective at aiding mycorrhizal colonisation of plants roots, but this colonisation had no impact on the growth of our selected stonecrops, Sedum album, Petrosedum reflexum and Phedimus spurius. We suggest that if a beneficial mycorrhiza could be found to promote the growth of these specific species on green roofs, bacteria could be effective “helper” species to aid colonisation. This study enables green roof researchers and the industry to justify further exploration of the impact of microbial inoculants on green roofs.     

深部大跨度切眼顶板分区控制技术

针对深部大跨度切眼顶板自稳能力差、变形剧烈、支护困难等问题，以赵固二矿1105大采高工作面切眼支护为工程背景，综合现场调研、理论分析、顶板探测等方法，分析了深部大跨度切眼冒顶机理和不同顶板的控制关键，提出了以接长锚杆支护为主导的顶板分区控制技术，阐明了不同顶板分区的控制原理。据此，对赵固二矿1105切眼二次成巷进行了支护设计，并进行了顶板下沉量和顶板失稳垮落规律监测，结果表明：接长锚杆与中部层位顶板共同形成的“锚固体岩梁”呈现出较好的稳定性，各层位顶板均得到了有效控制，保证了切眼顶板安全与正常服务。