加拿大披碱草-野大麦三倍体杂种加倍植株同工酶分析

分析了加拿大披碱草-野大麦三倍体属间杂种F₁加倍植株的同工酶酶谱特征。结果显示:同一生育阶段杂种自然加倍植株与加倍F₁代植株在EST、POD和SOD酶带的数目、位点及强弱方面具有一致性和遗传稳定性,而与杂种F₁代及亲本的酶带表型差异显著,从酶蛋白分子水平证明该杂种F₁染色体加倍是真实的;加倍植株抽穗期旗叶的EST、POD酶谱中分别呈现9和4条酶带,分蘖期幼叶的EST、POD、SOD酶谱内分别呈现8、4和4条酶带,有多态性位点的特征酶带可作为杂种加倍后代育性恢复鉴定的遗传标记的候选位点;对供试材料不同生育阶段做同工酶酶谱对比分析,比单一生育阶段更能反映其酶带表型的遗传差异性,提高同工酶电泳技术鉴定结果的准确性。     

郑州市宠物源大肠杆菌生物被膜表型与耐药谱型分析

为分析郑州市宠物源大肠杆菌的生物被膜表型与耐药谱型,分别采用微量肉汤稀释法和改良结晶紫法对194株宠物源大肠杆菌进行耐药率和生物被膜形成能力检测。结果表明,弱生物被膜表型菌株比例最高,占63.4%;耐药谱多样性是造成生物被膜形成能力差异的主要原因,但耐药谱中抗菌药物种类对生物被膜表型能力的影响不明显。     

生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达影响的研究进展

【目的】生物质炭研究是近十年农业可持续发展研究的重要前沿领域。作为一种良好的土壤改良剂,生物质炭不仅能改善土壤肥力,而且能够通过改变土壤与植物的相互作用关系影响植物生长发育,最终影响作物的生产力。因此,以植物表型及其相关基因表达为视角的生物质炭研究有助于深入了解生物质炭对土壤和植物效应的作用机理,进一步充实生物质炭的农业应用的理论基础。 主要进展本文回顾了近年来国内外关于生物质炭对植物生长影响的研究,从作物生产力、作物根系生长、作物病虫害和作物基因表达四个方面论述了生物质炭对植物表型和相关基因表达的影响;分析了生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达的可能机理,探讨了生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达研究的不足,提出了未来研究的发展方向。 问题与展望未来生物质炭对植物表型和相关基因表达的研究应注重其系统性和全面性,例如建立规范化的生物质炭试验技术,特别是生物质炭相关标准和数据库的建立,同时应加强生物质炭对转基因作物的影响等方面的研究。     

Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Trifolium Rhizobia Isolated from Temperate and Subtropical Regions of China

The clovers that comprise Trifolium genus are naturalized in the subtropical and tropical zones in China.They are valuable bioresources as important green manures and pasture grass,which contribute biologically fixed dinitrogen (N2) and provide nutrition to farming systems.However,there are very few effective strains available for inoculant production and there is little information available about symbiotic rhizobia in Chinese legume clover root nodules.In this study,139 root nodule bacteria were isolated from two clover species (Trifolium repens and Trifolium pretense) growing in the subtropical and temperate regions of China,16S rRNA gene sequence analysis,BOX-PCR,whole cell protein SDS-PAGE,and nodulation tests were performed to characterize these strains.The results showed that phenotypic and genetic diversities among 139 isolates were large,with 83 protein patterns and 66 BOX-AIR profiles,respectively.The rhizobial strains were first divided into two large phenotypic protein groups.The sequencing strains representing the two groups were related to Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA2370T and R.sophorae CCBAU03386T and had 99.6％-100％ similarities.The phylogeny specificity of the rhizobia from clover was elucidated,while showed a large variation in the fingerprints of the phenotypes and genotypes and genetic diversity was high (revealed by Shannon diversity index,H').The rhizobial isolates from subtropical regions,such as Anhui Province,Yunnan Province and Hubei Province,had higher diversities than those from temperate areas,such as Hebei Province and Shanxi Province,which could be used to identify rhizobial strains from clover and screen efficient inoculum strains.A number of diverse rhizobial strains had been identified and a pool of currently available clover rhizobial strains were increased.This would ultimately increase the likelihood of identifying more efficient strains suited for developing a successful inoculation strategy for the production of white clover.     

作物根系结构对干旱胁迫的适应性研究进展

干旱是影响植物生长和作物产量的重要环境因素,全球性的气候变化更加剧了干旱胁迫对作物生产和粮食产量的影响。根系是植株吸收水分的主要器官,它能够调节自身生长发育和对水分的吸收和运输从而对干旱胁迫产生适应性,因而根系在作物适应干旱缺水环境中发挥重要作用。从根系构型和根的解剖结构两方面总结了作物根系形态结构对干旱胁迫的适应性研究进展,并分析了目前根系结构研究方法的现状,指出通过研究方法和技术手段的进步和创新,实现根系表型特征全面、快速和精准鉴定将是未来的发展趋势,这将为抗旱节水作物品种的筛选和评价提供理论指导。     

玉米果穗养分运输组织的表型研究进展

玉米果穗养分运输组织是连接茎秆维管束并将养分运输至籽粒的"流"系统。随着人类日益增高的粮食需求,果穗作为玉米高产、高品质的物质载体,在玉米育种工作中果穗养分运输组织形态结构和生理功能等性状的研究日趋受到重视。通过整理国内外玉米果穗养分运输组织的相关研究进展,总结了玉米果穗养分运输组织的表型性状及其与产量之间的关系,并展望了在基因组学、表型组学发展的背景下,玉米果穗养分运输组织的研究趋势。     

Isozyme polymorphism in three gene pools of cultivated chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Summary Polymorphism of ten enzymes, acid phosphatase (APH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), phosphorylase (PP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malic enzyme (ME), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 and 2 (GOT-1, GOT-2) and phosphoglucomutase 1 and 2 (PGM-1 and PGM-2), was investigated in three gene pools of cultivated chicory, including six cultivated wild chccory, eight industrial chicory and eight Brussels chicory varieties. LAP, APH, PP and PGM-2 showed high phenotypic polymorphism whilst GOT-1 and ME had poor polymorphism. For three enzyme coding loci Lap, Pgm-1 and Got-2, allele frequencies were determined. Isozyme composition in the three chicory gene pools was significantly different, showing, respectively, high, intermediate and poor average amount of phenotypic polymorphism in cultivated wild chicory, industrial chicory and Brussels chicory. Isozyme variation within and between varieties of the three gene pools is discussed in relation to breeding practices.     

基因组学发展对传统林木遗传改良的影响

通过对传统林木遗传改良的成就进行概述,分析了基因组研究的发展对传统林木遗传育种的影响,基因组时代的林木遗传改良方法。研究结果表明,传统的林木遗传改良在提高林木生长量和抗性等选育方面取得了显著的成果,单一或者几个树种成为一个国家或地区的主要造林树种成为可能;基因组学的发展从基因的水平对认识林木的遗传本质提供了信息,也丰富了传统遗传改良的方法和手段,必将加速林木遗传育种的进程;基因组学只是辅助传统林木遗传育种的工具,不可能替代传统林木遗传改良理论、方法和技术。     

5种微生物杀虫剂对3种水稻主要害虫的室内毒力比较及致死表型观察

为发展水稻害虫的绿色防控技术,本研究采用浸渍法比较了5种微生物杀虫剂(苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis、短稳杆菌Empedobacter brevis、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421和甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae核型多角体病毒)对3种水稻主要害虫(二化螟Chilo suppressalis、稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens)的室内毒力及致死表型。结果表明,在田间推荐中剂量处理条件下,5种药剂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫均具有较好的速效性,处理后第2天幼虫的校正死亡率(46.7%～86.7%)就显著高于对照组(0%),第5天稻纵卷叶螟幼虫校正死亡率可达到85.7%～100%,均极显著高于二化螟的校正死亡率(4.76%～23.81%),二化螟第6天时的校正死亡率为25.0%～55.0%。对褐飞虱若虫,金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421的速效性和毒力均优于球孢白僵菌,经金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421处理后2 d的存活...     

基于ST-LSTM的植物生长发育预测模型

提早预知植物生长发育是智能育种过程的重要组成部分,针对植物表型难以精准预测和模拟的问题,利用植物生长发育的空间和时间依赖性,提出了一种基于时空长短时记忆网络（Spatiotemporal long short-term memory, ST-LSTM）的植物生长发育预测模型,实现植物生长发育的预测。首先,通过微调Mask R-CNN模型实现识别、提取植物掩模,预处理具有时空相关性的植物生长发育图像序列,构建植物生长发育预测数据集。然后,基于ST-LSTM建立植物生长发育预测模型,利用历史生长发育图像序列,融合时空深度特征,预测植物未来的生长发育图像序列。研究结果表明,所提出模型预测的图像序列与生长发育实际图像序列具有较高的一致性和相似性,首个预测时间节点的结构相似度为0.874 1,均方误差为17.10,峰值信噪比为30.83,测试集的冠层叶面积、冠幅和叶片数预测R²分别为0.961 9、0.908 7和0.915 8。该研究实现了基于植物生长发育图像序列的生长发育预测,有效减少了田间反复试验的时间、土地和人力成本,为提高智能育种效率提供了参考。