松嫩平原扁秆藨草种群生殖株构件表型可塑性及生长分析

采用大样本取样野外实地测定方法,对松嫩平原扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis)种群生殖株的数量性状和生殖分配规律进行了分析。结果表明,在籽实成熟期,扁秆藨草种群生殖株各数量性状具有较大的表型可塑性。变异系数以种子生物量最大,为81.63%;其次为种子生殖分配73.14%;株高最小,为13.11%。扁秆藨草种群生殖株表型可塑性遵循着规律性,即随着株高和株生物量的增加,茎叶生物量呈幂函数增加,花序生物量呈直线增加;生殖分配随着株高和株生物量的增加呈幂函数或指数减少。     

红锥天然分布区表型变异研究

研究了红锥天然分布区各种源的主要特性，从总体看可划分为3大类，来自水热充沛地区的种源（21．1℃）具有嫁接植株生长快、形成花蕾和开花时间较早，展枝展叶早，叶片短小、枝叶数量多等特性；来自年均温低或较低（〈19．9℃）的其余两类种源则嫁接植株生长较慢，物候较迟，叶片较宽大。从全分布区嫁接植株的生长变异看，其变异属随机变异，天然分布中种源的生长变异大于种源内的单株变异，种源选择基础上进一步进行单株选择是一种理想的生长改良途径。     

基于轮廓投影的盆栽水稻三维重建方法研究

近几年，基于图像的高通量水稻表型研究取得了极大进展，但从三维层面进行研究的工作则相对较少。一般而言，相对于二维图像，从三维模型中能提取更为全面的性状参数。三维模型重建是作物三维表型研究的基础，提出一种适用于盆栽水稻三维点云的重建方法。该方法在相机固定、样本旋转的拍摄模式下获取水稻多视角图像，根据相机标定参数以及水稻轮廓二值图，通过轮廓投影方法重建水稻三维可视外壳点云模型，并通过反投影方法进行点云着色。结果表明，该方法对于不同时期及不同品种的水稻样本均能取得较好重建效果。     

4种非生物胁迫下小麦幼苗表型及可溶性蛋白含量的变化

对小麦幼苗分别进行低温(4℃)、高温(42℃)、高盐(800 mM NaCl)及干旱(20%PEG)4种非生物胁迫,从麦苗生长表型及其根、茎、叶片总可溶性蛋白含量的变化方面分析不同胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及生理变化的影响。结果表明:经过4种胁迫处理后,小麦幼苗生长均处于不同程度的抑制状态,高温、高盐和干旱胁迫下植株干枯明显,低温下植株明显较对照矮小;高温胁迫后幼苗根长仅5 cm左右,比正常植株短8~9 cm,高盐、干旱及低温条件下植株根长比正常植株短4.83 cm;4种胁迫下叶片长度也明显小于正常植株。胁迫直接导致了小麦根、茎和叶中可溶性蛋白含量不同程度的增加,根中总蛋白含量较茎和叶中低,根对胁迫也最为敏感,高温胁迫12 h后,根中总蛋白含量达到最大3.92μg·mg~(-1),高温胁迫24 h后,茎中总蛋白含量接近15μg·mg-1,而叶片中总蛋白的含量却保持72 h持续增长的状态。     

磷肥对西藏青稞叶水势、光合生理及产量因素的影响

为探讨施磷量对西藏青稞叶水势、光合、产量等因素的影响,以西藏主栽春青稞品种喜马拉雅22号为试材,通过田间微区试验,设不施磷(CK)、低磷(P2O575kg·hm~(-2))、中磷(P2O5150kg·hm~(-2))和高磷(P2O5225kg·hm~(-2))处理,测定青稞开花后4d的旗叶水势(LWP)、光合和叶绿素荧光参数,以及成熟后千粒重和产量,并利用数字图像分析法精准提取籽粒表型性状。结果表明,与CK相比,施磷可明显降低青稞旗叶水势,显著提高旗叶和倒2叶叶绿素含量,但磷肥处理间叶绿素含量差异不显著;施磷条件下青稞旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均高于CK(除高磷处理的Tr外),其中低磷条件下最大,而高磷条件下最低;胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)随施磷量增加呈下降-平稳-下降趋势。PSII的最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、光合电子传递的相对速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)值随施磷量的增加均呈先增后降趋势,并以中磷处理最大;非光化学淬灭(qN)在CK、低磷、中磷处理间差异较小,而高磷处理时显著下降。随着施磷量的增加,籽粒二维面积、直径、周长、长度、宽度均呈增大趋势,而粒圆度呈减小趋势。随施磷量的增加,小粒和较小粒占比逐渐下降,而中粒和大粒占比逐渐提高。低磷处理下青稞千粒重和籽粒产量分别较CK提高6.66%和17.53%,中磷处理分别提高17.20%和21.10%,高磷处理分别提高8.72%和16.16%,但磷肥利用效率(PUE)随施磷量增加呈逐渐降低趋势。综合来看,在本试验条件下,青稞适宜施磷量应控制在75～150kg·hm~(-2)以内。     

黄牡丹花粉和植株形态性状关联性的研究

通过对6个不同居群的黄牡丹花粉形态进行扫描。结果显示,花粉形态具有多样性,花粉外壁纹饰有脑纹网状、皱波网纹状、粗网状、网状和穴状细网5种;花粉粒的变幅为(32.94-48.87)μm×(21.57-29.70)μm,居群花粉在极轴、赤道轴和极赤比都存在显著差异。通过对6个花粉形态指标和植株11个外部形态指标进行相关性分析。结果表明,花粉极轴与叶长宽比、极赤比与叶长宽比呈明显正相关,花粉极轴与叶长柄比、极赤比与叶长柄比呈明显负相关;花粉外壁纹饰变化与花瓣数量、宿存花萼和苞片数量呈显著相关。依据花粉外壁纹饰的演化规律可推测,花瓣数少、宿存萼片少,苞片数多、叶长宽比越大、叶长柄比越小应是植株较进化的特征。     

Advanced maternal age induces fetal growth restriction through decreased placental inflammatory cytokine expression and immune cell accumulation in mice

Advanced maternal age is a risk factor for female infertility, and placental dysfunction is considered one of the causes of pregnancy complications. We investigated the effects of advanced maternal aging on pregnancy outcomes and placental senescence. Female pregnant mice were separated into three groups: young (3 months old), middle (8–9 months old), and aged (11–13 months old). Although the body weights of young and middle dams gradually increased during pregnancy, the body weight of aged dams only increased slightly. The placental weight and resorption rate were significantly higher, and live fetal weights were reduced in a maternal age-dependent manner. Although mRNA expression of senescence regulatory factors (p16 and p21) increased in the spleen of aged dams, mRNA expression of p16 did not change and that of p21 was reduced in the placenta of aged dams. Using a cytokine array of proteins extracted from placental tissues, the expression of various types of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors was decreased in aged dams compared with young and middle dams. The aged maternal placenta showed reduced immune cell accumulation compared with the young placenta. Our present results suggest that models using pregnant mice older than 8 months are more suitable for verifying older human pregnancies. These findings suggest that general cellular senescence programs may not be included in the placenta and that placental functions, including SASP production and immune cell accumulation, gradually decrease in a maternal age-dependent manner, resulting in a higher rate of pregnancy complications.     

基于不完全双列杂交设计的水稻农艺性状配合力基因组预测

[目的]在亲本一般配合力的基础上优选特殊配合力高的杂交种,是水稻杂种育种的关键。基因组选择基于覆盖全基因组的分子标记和样本的表型数据建立预测模型,实现对品种更加可靠的选择。[方法]本研究利用一组基于不完全双列杂交(NCII 设计)的水稻数据集,考查其多个农艺性状配合力的基因组预测能力。并比较了不同训练群体构建方法对杂交种表型预测能力的影响。[结果]8个农艺性状一般配合力的预测能力由其遗传率主导,从0.3888 到0.7367。杂交种特殊配合力的预测能力较低,但是直接预测杂交种的表型可以获得较高的预测能力。[结论]基因组预测水稻亲本一般配合力是有效的,能够帮助育种家实现对亲本的科学选择。如果要选配杂交种,直接预测杂交种表型是最有效的手段。此时让更多的亲本均衡地参与杂交种训练集的组配,有利于获得更高的预测能力。     

An artificial inoculation protocol for Uromycladium acaciae,cause of a serious disease of Acacia mearnsii in southern Africa

Uromycladium acaciae is the cause of a severe wattle rust epidemic in plantations of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) in southern Africa. Research on the biology of this damaging rust is assisting in the development of control strategies. One strategy under investigation is the identification and deployment of resistant lines of A. mearnsii. Selection of resistant families currently relies on large-scale, time-consuming and expensive field trials. In this study, we present a detailed artificial inoculation protocol for U. acaciae, which can be used to screen for resistance. The results of an experiment that used the protocol to screen the relative resistance of 12 families of A. mearnsii to U. acaciae are also presented. The developed artificial inoculation protocol can also be used to investigate several other aspects of this host–pathogen system.