农业废弃物再燃脱硝特性试验

为了缓解化石能源的不足,开发生物质清洁高效燃烧的利用方式,采用农业废弃物(稻壳、秸秆)和R90煤粉作为再燃燃料在恒温沉降炉上进行再燃脱硝试验。针对燃料种类、化学计量比(stoichiometric ratio)、停留时间、燃料粒度、再燃比等因素对再燃脱硝效率的影响进行了研究。结果表明:农业废弃物(秸秆、稻壳)的再燃脱硝能力明显高于煤粉,其中秸秆再燃脱硝效率最高,稻壳再燃脱硝效率中等,煤粉最低,不同的挥发分含量是造成农业废弃物(秸秆、稻壳)与煤粉再燃脱硝率差别的最主要原因。再燃脱硝率随再燃区化学计量比(SR2)的提高逐渐降低。SR2增加,燃料热解析出的还原组分被氧竞争性地消耗,导致NO还原反应弱化,再燃脱硝率降低。SR2对农业废弃物秸秆和稻壳再燃脱硝率影响明显强于煤粉,再燃比20%工况,SR2从0.8增加到0.9,秸秆再燃脱硝率减少了20.12%,稻壳减少20.07%,煤粉减少了8.38%。燃料粒度的改变将影响颗粒的升温过程,在相同条件下,较细的燃料颗粒能更快速释放出更多的挥发分,可以提供再燃还原NO所需的更多的还原物质,对提高再燃脱硝率是有利的。再燃停留时间增加,在富燃料条件下再燃燃料与NO的反应时间延长,有利于NO消减。采用农业废弃物秸秆、稻壳作为作为再燃燃料,合理的再燃停留时间在600 ms以内,明显低于煤粉。通过调整再燃比可以获得适合的再燃脱硝率,农业废弃物秸秆、稻壳的合理再燃比在15%~20%之间。     

亚硝酸盐添加对土壤硝化和反硝化基因转录活性及N2O排放的影响

设施菜田土壤氧化亚氮（N2O）脉冲式排放期间通常伴随着亚硝酸盐（NO2-）的大量积累,为揭示NO2-对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响机制,以两种典型蔬菜种植区土壤（碱性土壤/酸性土壤）为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,对比厌氧和好氧培养条件下添加NO2-后两种土壤无机氮转化与N2O、氮气（N2）和二氧化碳（CO2）等气体排放,以及氨氧化单加氧酶α亚基调控基因（amoA）、亚硝酸盐还原酶调控基因（nirK和 nirS,统称nir）和N2O还原酶调控基因（nosZ）的丰度和转录情况。结果显示：受pH等环境因素影响,土壤中NO2-含量并不一定与N2O排放之间存在相关性,但添加NO2-的处理显著增加了两种土壤的N2O排放量和N2O/(N2O+N2)指数（IN2O）（P<0.05）。碱性土壤中,60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-对土壤CO2排放无明显抑制作用,厌氧培养条件下nirK基因、好氧培养条件下amoA和nirS基因均出现了添加NO2-后转录拷贝数显著高于空白处理的现象,而nosZ基因无此现象。酸性土壤中,amoA转录活性整体较低,好氧空白处理时nirS基因转录拷贝数随培养时间的延长而增加（P<0.05）;60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-明显降低了酸性土壤的CO2排放量、相关基因的丰度及转录拷贝数。上述结果显示,土壤中积累的NO2-会通过诱导nir基因转录与N2O还原酶竞争电子和抑制N2O还原酶活性等途径,增加土壤的IN2O,影响有氧条件下N2O的排放途径,研究结果将为探索设施菜田土壤氮素高效利用和N2O减排提供科学依据。     

Effect of calcareous and siliceous amendments on N2O emissions of a grassland soil

Liming of acidic agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, as increased soil pH reduces the N₂O/N₂ product ratio of denitrification. The capacity of different calcareous (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals to increase soil pH and reduce N₂O emissions was assessed in a 2-year grassland field experiment. An associated pot experiment was conducted using homogenized field soils for controlling spatial soil variability. Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic with emission peaks in response to freezing–thawing and application of NPK fertilizer. Liming with dolomite caused a pH increase from 5.1 to 6.2 and reduced N₂O emissions by 30% and 60% after application of NPK fertilizer and freezing–thawing events, respectively. Over the course of the 2-year field trial, N₂O emissions were significantly lower in dolomite-limed than non-limed soil (p < .05), although this effect was variable over time. Unexpectedly, no significant reduction of N₂O emission was found in the calcite treatment, despite the largest pH increase in all tested minerals. We tentatively attribute this to increased N₂O production by overall increase in nitrogen turnover rates (both nitrification and denitrification) following rapid pH increase in the first year after liming. Siliceous materials showed little pH effect and had no significant effect on N₂O emissions probably because of their lower buffering capacity and lower cation content. In the pot experiment using soils taken from the field plots 3 years after liming and exposing them to natural freezing–thawing, both calcite (p < .01) and dolomite (p < .05) significantly reduced cumulative N₂O emission by 50% and 30%, respectively, relative to the non-limed control. These results demonstrate that the overall effect of liming is to reduce N₂O emission, although high lime doses may lead to a transiently enhanced emission.     

脱氮功能菌去除市政废水中氮素的研究

为了探讨实验室筛选获得的氨氧化细菌CM-NR014和反硝化细菌CM-NRD3联合去除市政废水中氮素的应用价值,采用了两级A／O工艺进行菌株去除废水中氮素的小试实验,最后将菌株用于废水脱氮工程中。结果表明,脱氮功能菌实现了短程硝化-反硝化,氨氮去除率在98％以上,总氮去除率在75％以上,COD（化学需氧量）去除率大于90％,出水各项指标均低于城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级（A）标准。脱氮功能菌在去除市政废水中氮素方面有很高的应用价值,可用于城镇污水处理厂提标改造等。     

Effect of rice plant growth on denitrification in rhizosphere soil

The effect of rice plant growth on the loss of basal nitrogen (N) through denitrification in the rhizosphere of subsurface soil was investigated by the ¹⁵N balance method. Labeled ¹⁵N was applied to the deep soil layer to distinguish between the N losses in the surface and subsurface soils. Denitrification in pots with whole plants (Control) was compared with that in pots with plants cut off at the base of the culm (Pcut) to evaluate the effect of plant growth on denitrification. The upward movement of the applied ¹⁵N from the deep soil was negligible. Thus, the amount of unrecovered ¹⁵N was equal to the amount of N lost through denitrification in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil (20–150 mm soil depth). In the Control treatment, values of redox potential at 50 and 90 mm soil depths were negative throughout the experimental period. Therefore, it was assumed that the redox potential could not have been the limiting factor for the N loss through denitrification in this experiment. The α-naphthylamine-oxidizing activity of roots decreased drastically after the cutting treatment. The estimated amount of de nitrified ¹⁵N in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil was significantly higher in the Pcut treatment than in the Control one at 30 and 40 d after transplanting (DAT), while it was comparable in the two treatments at 52 and 64 DAT. Since a greater amount of ¹⁵N loss was found to occur when there was no absorption of ¹⁵N by the plants, the absorption of ¹⁵N by plants may have contributed to the suppression of denitrification. The amount of immobilized ¹⁵N in the Control treatment was larger than that of the Pcut treatment throughout the experiment. N immobilization might have also contributed to the suppression of denitrification in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil.     

适用于猪场沼液处理的好氧反硝化菌筛选及其脱氮特性评价

试验旨在筛选适合于猪场沼液处理的好氧反硝化菌。从活性污泥中分离获得 16 株好氧反硝化菌,其中菌株 ZH-14 的总氮(TN)和硝酸盐氮的去除效果最好,分别达到 50.73%和 99.99%。该菌株经过平板形态观察、功能基因和 16S rDNA 基因分析,鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)。结果表明:菌株 ZH-14 在硝酸钾为唯一氮源培养基中生长时,48 h 后硝酸盐氮与 TN 的降解率分别为 100%和41.76%;以亚硝酸钠为唯一氮源培养时,亚硝酸盐氮降解率为 99.24%;以氨氮为唯一氮源培养时,氨氮的降解率达 94.1%;使用菌株 ZH-14 处理畜禽沼液,当其接种终浓度为 107 CFU/mL 时,经过 48 h 处理,氨氮、硝酸盐氮和化学需氧量的去除率分别为 54.4%、97.7%和 77.9%。综上表明,菌株 ZH-14 具有较强的反硝化和处理猪场沼液的能力,具有良好的应用开发前景。     

草坪土壤的N2O产生途径及其对施氮肥的响应

硝化作用、反硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用是土壤中产生N2O的主要途径.以常用的冷季型草坪草早熟禾为对象,采用气体抑制剂培养法研究了不同施氮量对草坪土壤N2O排放及其产生途径的影响.结果表明,对照草坪土壤的N2O日排放量为7.2 ～ 8.2 g· m-2.d-1,年施氮量10 g.m-2未改变草坪土壤N2O排放强度,年施氮量25、35 g·m-2处理则分别比对照增加1.52倍和1.88倍,但二者之间没有显著差异.对照草坪土壤N2O产生途径主要以异养硝化作用为主,其贡献率达65.7％,反硝化作用贡献率为34％,自养硝化和硝化细菌反硝化过程几乎不发生.年施氮量25 g.m-2时,N2O排放以硝化细菌反硝化、异养硝化和反硝化途径为主,贡献率分别为35％、35％和29％.年施氮量35 g.m2时,N2O排放来自于4个途径,其中反硝化途径占41％,自养硝化途径贡献率增加至20％.     

硝、铵态氮肥对旱地土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

用静态箱法在田间研究了黄土性土壤不同水分条件下施用硝态氮肥和铵态氮肥后土壤N2O的排放特点,并对包括温度、pH、水分等因子的影响进行了探讨.结果表明:在水分含量为田间持水量的90%和70%的条件下,铵态氮肥处理土壤的平均N2O排放量分别为233.6±165.4 μg/(m2·h)和166.4±153.3 μg/(m2·h);而施用硝态氮肥时则仅为75±40.2 μg/(m2·h)和49.27±17.0 μg/(m2·h).施肥后短期内,铵态氮肥排放的N2O量显著高于硝态氮肥处理,由此可说明黄土性土壤表层土壤N2O的主要来源是土壤氮的硝化过程.在自然矿化条件下黄土性土壤N2O的排放量约为17.0 μg/(m2·h).如果把两个水分处理相比较,土壤水分对铵态氮肥处理土壤N2O的排放影响不明显,而对施用硝态氮肥的土壤有明显影响,高水分处理更利于土壤反硝化作用的进行从而增加了土壤N2O的排放量.施用不同肥料种类在施肥后短期内影响土壤的pH值和有效NO-3-N、NH 4-N含量,而反过来土壤水分含量、土壤pH以及土壤温度均不同程度地影响着土壤N2O的产生和排放.     

稻田生态系统氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放微生物调控机制研究进展及展望

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是第三大温室气体,对全球气候变化具有显著影响。稻田是重要的N_2O排放源,追踪稻田N_2O产生及排放关键过程的微生物调控机制,可以为农田土壤氮素循环研究以及稻田N_2O减排提供有价值的信息。微生物调控的硝化作用和反硝化作用是稻田N_2O排放的主要来源。基于此,我们在过去十年的研究中,依托中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站,以水稻田淹水-落干和施肥为关键过程,从水稻根际、土层深度、反应底物浓度等方面探明了土壤硝化反硝化过程和N_2O排放特征及其微生物调控机制;提出了开发稻田土壤微生物资源,提高土壤N_2O消纳能力的可能策略;构建了可以有效降低稻田氮素损失和N_2O排放的基于化肥一次性深施的减氮控磷施肥技术,并在实际农业生产中进行了示范推广。本文对上述研究取得的成果,以及国内外相关研究结果进行了全面综述。结合分子生物技术在土壤科学研究中的应用,今后的研究工作将会从以下几个方面开展:1)解析土壤微生物与土壤生产力和生态环境之间的关系;2)在基因组和转录组水平构建农田土壤碳氮循环功能微生物分析平台;3)解析土壤微生物分布与生态功能之间的关联机制;4)根系—土壤—微生物之间的协同机制以及植物—内生菌—土壤微生物之间相互影响的分子机制;5)加强对实用技术的研发,把基础研究成果转化为生产力,服务农业生产和生态文明建设。     

Characterization of vegetable nitrogen uptake and soil nitrogen transformation in response to continuous molybdenum application

Molybdenum (Mo), a plant micronutrient, is involved in nitrogen (N) cycling of global ecosystem, but little is known about its effect on soil N transformation especially the key processes nitrification and denitrification. A long‐term field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of continuous sufficient soil available Mo on vegetable N uptake and soil N transformation. The experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CK), Mo deficiency (NPK), and Mo application (NPK+Mo). The results show that (1) after a 7‐year‐experiment, continuous Mo application significantly increased soil available Mo content. (2) Compared to the NPK treatment, NPK+Mo treatment showed an increase of 11, 18, and 8% in the cumulative crop yield, plant N uptake, and N fertilizer use efficiency. (3) With continuous Mo application, the soil , , microbial biomass N, and total N contents were reduced by 14, 29, 40, and 12%, the soil nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) activities were reduced by 14 and 8%, as well as the potential denitrification activity (PDA) and gross nitrification rate (GNR) were decreased by 64 and 80%, respectively. Additionally, continuous Mo application decreased the abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and increased the abundance of narG‐containing denitrifiers (narG) and nirK‐type nitrite reducers (nirK) significantly. The data suggest that a deficiency in soil available Mo may induce the risk of soil N accumulation and environmental N emission in vegetable soil, whereas continuous Mo application could mitigate this risk by increasing crop yield and N uptake and, by decreasing soil N residues, soil nitrification and denitrification.