回流对水平潜流人工湿地污染物分布及去除效果的影响

探讨回流及不同回流方式对水平潜流人工湿地污染物分布及去除效果的影响。对无回流、回流至进水处、回流至湿地前半部分3种回流方式进行试验研究,并对2种回流比(1∶1和10∶1)条件下的水平潜流人工湿地污染物去除效果进行比较。结果表明:回流比为1∶1的条件下,无回流与有回流的人工湿地的NH4+-N、PO34--P的去除率分别约为10%和40%,采用不同回流方式的人工湿地之间没有显著性差异;对总有机碳(TOC)的去除,回流至湿地前半部分的湿地较无回流湿地(44%)的去除率提高约17%。回流比为10∶1的条件下,采用回流方式的人工湿地的NH4+-N、PO34--P、TOC的去除率分别较无回流湿地提高了约13%、50%和43%,但采用不同回流方式的人工湿地之间没有显著性差异。回流比从1∶1提高为10∶1后,采用回流的人工湿地对NH4+-N、PO34--P和TOC的去除率分别提高了约10%、30%和30%,且不同回流方式之间并无显著性差异。     

短程硝化-反硝化过程中氮素形态变化研究

 为防止湖泊和其他受纳水体富营养化的发生, 各城市污水处理厂均应用新的运行方法和控制策略进行脱氮除磷。短程硝化一反硝化是污水节能脱氮新技术之一, 其关键在于实现短程硝化。影响短程硝化反硝化的主要因素有温度、pH,氧气含量等等。研究结果表明,在水温为16.5℃,pH为7.4时,NH+4 N和TN的去除效果分别为42.59%和25.26%,是3个月中去除效果最好的,水温为11.5℃时次之,水温为7℃时,NH+4 N和TN的去除效果最差。可见温度是控制该过程脱氮效果的主要因素。     

不同曝气策略对SBBR处理模拟水产养殖废水净化效率的影响

为研究不同曝气策略对序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)净化模拟的罗非鱼工厂化养殖废水的影响,实验设计构建了5个形态结构相同的SBBR反应器,探究在两个既定溶解氧(DO)水平下(即曝气段DO=2或3 mg/L)不同曝停比(1h/5h、2h/4h、3h/3h、4h/2h、5h/1h)对其净化效率的影响。研究结果显示:不同曝停比工况下氮素去除途径主要为同步硝化反硝化。总氨氮的去除率随曝停比的增大呈升高趋势。在曝气段DO=2 mg/L工况下,总无机磷氮的去除率随曝停比的增加呈升高趋势,硝化过程是影响氮素去除的主要因素。而在曝气段DO=3 mg/L工况下,总无机磷氮的去除率随曝停比的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在曝停比为4/2时达到最高。实验工况下不同溶解氧水平对COD的去除无显著影响,但是不同曝停比对COD的去除却有显著影响。在曝气段DO=2 mg/L工况下,出水磷浓度随曝停比的增加呈先积累后去除趋势,且磷素的去除率随曝停比的增加而增加。而在曝气段DO=3 mg/L工况下,磷素去除率均为正值,且随曝停比的增加先升高后降低,在曝停比为4/2时达到最高。     

曝气扰动下底泥氮的释放动力学及硝化反硝化过程研究(英文)

[目的]研究曝气扰动下底泥氮的释放动力学及硝化反硝化过程,以期解决底泥氮释放及二次污染问题。[方法]研究了底泥原位曝气对氮污染物释放的影响,并对其释放动力学参数进行解析,同时模拟了间歇曝气下泥水界面硝化反硝化脱氮过程。[结果]底泥曝气加速了氮污染物的释放,30min后底泥NH4+-N与达到释放平衡;最大释放量与底泥扰动强度成正比,在曝气头距离泥面距离为0、1、2和3cm时(扰泥量为3.52、3.41、3.26和3.01g/L),NH4+-N与最大释放量分别为14.3、13.8、13.2、12.2mg/L和33.2、30.9、29.8、27.3mg/L;且两者的释放动力学均符合双常数方程。持续曝气可促进泥水界面硝化反应发生,8d后NH4+-N浓度由12.4mg/L下降至0.2mg/L,硝态氮浓度达到最大值;停止曝气12d后,硝态氮与总氮浓度分别由10.8和37.4mg/L下降至0.36和23.2mg/L,说明有反硝化脱氮现象发生。可见,底泥曝气可促进氮污染物的释放及硝化过程,而通过间歇曝气,可实现底泥原位硝化反硝化脱氮。[结论]该研究结果可为城市黑臭河道底泥原位修复提供技术借鉴。     

固体碳源填充床反应器反硝化性能的研究

为了优化固体碳源填充床反应器的运行条件,以PLA/PHBV颗粒为碳源和生物膜载体,研究了水力负荷与硝态氮负荷对反应器反硝化性能的影响,并用扫描电镜观察碳源表面生物膜的形态。结果表明,在进水硝态氮浓度为100mg·L-1,水力负荷为1.71～8.39m3·m-2·d-1时,反硝化速率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最大值为40.53mg·L-1·h-1;随着水力负荷的提高,出水硝态氮浓度逐渐增加,而COD浓度逐渐降低;维持水力负荷在3.54m3·m-2·d-1以下,可保证反应器的出水满足我国饮用水标准对硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度的要求;维持水力负荷为5.30m3·m-2·d-1,反应器的反硝化速率与进水硝态氮负荷线性相关(R2=0.937),而硝态氮负荷对出水的COD浓度未发生明显影响;维持进水硝态氮负荷不高于0.16kg·m-2·d-1,可保证反应器出水的硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度满足国家标准。通过扫描电镜照片可以看出,PLA/PHBV颗粒表面的生物膜以球菌和杆菌为主,成簇定植在碳源颗粒表面。     

Nitrous Oxide Production and Consumption Potential in an Agricultural and a Forest Soil

Both a laboratory incubation experiment using soils from an agricultural field and a forest and field measurements at the same locations were conducted to determine nitrous oxide (N₂O) production and consumption (reduction) potentials using the acetylene (C₂H₂) inhibition technique. Results from the laboratory experiment show that the agricultural soil had a stronger N₂O reduction potential than the forest soil, as indicated by the N₂O/N₂ ratio in denitrification products. Without C₂H₂ inhibition, N₂O could reach a maximum concentration of 51 and 296 ppmv in headspace of the agricultural and forest soil slurries, respectively. Addition of glucose decreased the maximum N₂O concentration to 22 ppmv in headspace of the agricultural soil slurries, but increased to 520 ppmv in the forest soil slurries. Addition of exogenous N₂O did not change such N₂O accumulation maxima during the incubations. The field measurements show that average N₂O emission rates were 0.56 and 0.59 kg N ha^?1 in the agricultural field and forest, respectively. When C₂H₂ was provided in the field measurements, N₂O emission rates from the agricultural field and forest increased by 38 and 51%, respectively. Nitrous oxide consumption under elevated N₂O condition (about 300 ppmv) was found in all five agricultural field measurements, but only in three of the six forest measurements under the same conditions. Field measurements agreed with the laboratory experiment that N₂O reduction activity, which plays a critical role in abating N₂O emissions from soils, largely depended on soil characteristics associated with land use.     

Soybean Residue Effect on Carbon Fractions and Gaseous Nitrogen Losses at Contrasting Moisture Contents

Most published studies related to crop effects on denitrification are not continuous and are based on the growing period. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of soybean stubble, under different soil moisture contents, on gaseous nitrogen (N) losses by denitrification from an agricultural soil. The following soil moisture treatments were reached by adding distilled water to soil cores of a typic Hapludoll: 50 and 100% of water‐filled porosity space (WFPS). Residue treatments included no application of residues, amendment with 2600 kg ha^?1 of soybean residues, and amendment with 5200 kg ha^?1 of soybean residues. Cumulative nitrous oxide + dinitrogen (N₂O + N₂) emissions displayed great variability, ranging between 0 and 581.91 µg N kg^?1, which represented 0 to 3.93% of the N residue applied. Under 50% WFPS moisture conditions, statistical differences in cumulative N₂O + N₂ emissions between residue treatments were not detected (p = 0.21), whereas at saturation conditions, cumulative N₂O + N₂ emissions decreased with the application of increasing amounts of soybean residues (p = 0.017). Daily and cumulative N₂O + N₂ emissions significantly increased as soil moisture increased, except at soils amended with 5200 kg ha^?1 of soybean residues; this lack of statistical difference was probably due to the immobilization of native mineral N. Under 50% WFPS soil moisture contents, aeration seemed to be the main factor controlling redox conditions, limiting the denitrification process, and preventing differences in N emissions between residue treatments. The application of soybean residues to saturated soils notably decreased N₂O + N₂ emissions by denitrification through a strong mineral N immobilization into organic and nondenitrifiable forms.     

进水C/N对表面流—水平流人工湿地氮和

通过模拟试验,研究在进水氮浓度不同条件下C/N对种植美人蕉的表面流—水平流人工湿地氮元素和COD去除能力的影响,并初步探讨其作用机理。结果表明：在营养生长期和开花期,低C/N有利于人工湿地系统中总氮和铵态氮的去除,C/N越高,硝态氮去除越彻底,而低C/N条件下,表面流—水平流人工湿地内的硝化作用限制了硝态氮的去除效果;对比2个生长期,各处理组总氮和硝态氮的去除能力相当,而开花期各处理组人工湿地铵态氮的去除能力高于营养生长期。C/N对人工湿地系统COD的去除效果的影响较少,2个生长期COD的去除效果相当,各处理组人工湿地系统COD的去除率约高于90%。随着停留时间的增加,人工湿地氮元素和COD的去除率均增加。对pH而言,湿地系统出水pH总体上先升高后趋于平稳,而氧化还原电位则先降低后升高最后趋于平稳,随C/N增加,出水pH降低,而氧化还原电位升高;营养生长期出水pH高于开花期,而氧化还原电位则呈相反表现。进水C/N和人工湿地系统共同影响着出水pH和氧化还原电位。     

Nitrogen removal and metabolic profiling of a cold-adaptive and biofilm producing paddy soil bacterium Cupriavidus sp. PDN31

To assess the physiology and low temperature adaptability of the key players of nitrification and denitrification, denitrifying bacteria were isolated and characterized from the selected paddy fields. Bacterial strains belonging to Cupriavidus and Ochrobactrum sp. were explored through the selective screening of heterotrophic nitrifying and aerobic denitrifying bacteria. The direct implication of nitrate removal in the natural sample was estimated by taking the nitrate supplemented soil as well as the enriched culture. A more prominent cold-adaptive bacterium was identified as Cupriavidus sp. PDN31. The utilization of ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite and the presence of nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene, catalyses the first step of the denitrification conferred its heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification ability. The ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite removal efficiency of PDN31 was found to be 92.1%, 93.5%, and 99.8%, respectively. The functional traits, evaluated from metabolizing various nitrogen substrates (Biolog) suggested its ability to utilize some sources as L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-cysteine, L-glutamic Acid, L-glutamine, L-histidine, L-citrulline and N-acetyl-L glutamic acid. The adaptive behaviour of PDN31 with its ability to remove nitrogen and induced biofilm production under low temperature regime makes it a suitable candidate among the plethora of microorganism resided in any agriculture environment.     

铜绿假单胞菌YY24对凡纳滨对虾生长及水质的影响

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,探讨了水体中不同方式和不同浓度铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)YY24对凡纳滨对虾生长及水质的影响。试验设7个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复样本30尾,试验时间10 d,每2 d投放1次YY24,并保持其活性完好,有效养殖水体(50±3)L,控制温度(28±1)℃,盐度(20±1),每天每箱投料量按总重量的1%,溶解氧充足。试验期间,每24 h测定水体基础指标,在试验开始后的0、12、24、48、96、144、168、192、240 h测定水体理化指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组存活率与增重率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);各试验组均能明显净化水质,试验组的pH呈上升趋势,各试验组NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N浓度均在96 h时就达到最低值;初始投放10~6CFU/m L浓度的YY24,在96 h内去除氨氮的效果较好,而每隔一天投10~4CFU/m L浓度YY24的持续作用效果更好。