Zero-inflated models for identifying disease risk factors when case detection is imperfect: Application to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Thailand

Logistic regression models integrating disease presence/absence data are widely used to identify risk factors for a given disease. However, when data arise from imperfect surveillance systems, the interpretation of results is confusing since explanatory variables can be related either to the occurrence of the disease or to the efficiency of the surveillance system. As an alternative, we present spatial and non-spatial zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regressions for modelling the number of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks that were reported at subdistrict level in Thailand during the second epidemic wave (July 3rd 2004 to May 5th 2005). The spatial ZIP model fitted the data more effectively than its non-spatial version. This model clarified the role of the different variables: for example, results suggested that human population density was not associated with the disease occurrence but was rather associated with the number of reported outbreaks given disease occurrence. In addition, these models allowed estimating that 902 (95% CI 881–922) subdistricts suffered at least one HPAI H5N1 outbreak in Thailand although only 779 were reported to veterinary authorities, leading to a general surveillance sensitivity of 86.4% (95% CI 84.5–88.4). Finally, the outputs of the spatial ZIP model revealed the spatial distribution of the probability that a subdistrict could have been a false negative. The methodology presented here can easily be adapted to other animal health contexts.     

H3、H9亚型禽流感病毒双重荧光定量PCR方法的建立及初步应用

虽然H3、H9亚型禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus, AIV）是低致病性禽流感病毒,但其具有跨宿主感染哺乳动物的能力,对社会公共卫生安全具有重大的潜在危害,因而对这些亚型病毒的监测极其重要。通过比对GenBank上H3、H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因序列,设计了分别针对H3 AIV和H9 AIV的特异性探针。特异性试验和标准曲线试验的结果显示,这两个探针仅分别特异性识别H3、H9亚型AIV,且具有较好的扩增效率。通过重组质粒pMD19-T-H3HA和pMD19-T-H9HA 10倍梯度稀释液为模板,进行敏感性实验。结果表明,本研究所建立的荧光定量PCR方法能检测到100个DNA拷贝数H3 AIV和10个DNA拷贝数的H9 AIV,比传统PCR方法敏感性分别提高了100倍和1000倍。此外,本方法还能检测到10 EID50的H3亚型AIV或H9亚型AIV,比传统PCR方法检测敏感性均提高了1000倍。批间和批内试验的变异系数均小于3%,表明本研究建立的方法具有较好的重复性。此外,与传统PCR方法相比,用H3、H9亚型AIV双重荧光定量PCR方法检测人工感染动物的肺组织时,针对H3 AIV的敏感性提高了10~100倍,针对H9 AIV的敏感性提高了100倍。综上所述,本研究所建立的H3、H9亚型禽流感病毒双重荧光定量PCR方法具有较高的特异性和敏感性,对H3、H9亚型禽流感病毒监测具有重要的应用价值。     

H7N9亚型禽流感对辽宁省畜牧业的影响及其对策

禽流感已成为国际上广泛关注的公共卫生事件,因此,加强对流感状况的认识和了解将有助于人们有效地防控流感。本文对禽流感病毒的流行现状及对辽宁省畜牧业的影响进行综述,旨在为有效防制禽流感提供理论依据。     

中西药联用对禽源大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果研究

[目的]探讨中西药联用对禽源大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果.[方法]采用微量肉汤稀释法测定2种临床常用西药（氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星）和4味中药（黄连、黄芩、金银花和板蓝根）对大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株的MIC值,探讨2种西药和4味中药联用对禽源大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株的体外抑菌活性.[结果]6种药物对大肠杆菌标准菌株和多重耐药菌株均具有抑菌活性.在8种中西药联用药物组合中,氟苯尼考/黄芩、恩诺沙星/黄连、恩诺沙星/黄芩3组药物组合联用具有相加作用,其他5组中西药物组合均呈现无关作用.[结论]该研究可为进一步筛选有效药物组合防治禽大肠杆菌病提供重要指导.     

应用改良阻断ELISA检测禽网状内皮组织增殖病血清抗体

应用禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒纯化抗原和抗ＲＥＶ单克隆抗体建立了改良阻断ＥＬＩＳＡ用于鸡血清中ＲＥＶ抗体检测，并对北京地区鸡群中随机采样的３６份血清样本进行了检测，阳性率为５．６％。与间接ＥＬＳＩＡ的检测结果进行了统计学比较，两种方法的阳性率无显著差异。结果表明本试验所建立的改良阻断ＥＬＩＳＡ可以用于鸡群ＲＥＶ感染的血清学调查。     

蛋鸡骨髓细胞瘤病的病理学诊断

通过对50例蛋用型鸡尸体剖检和组织病理学观察，发现病鸡极度消瘦、脱水，羽毛囊出血，鸡爪出血，鸡冠苍白，贫血，趾骨隆凸，胸骨内侧有黄白色奶油样肿瘤结节。在肝、脾、肾、卵巢、输卵管、肺、骨髓、腺骨、肠道等可见胞浆内充满球形的、嗜酸性颗粒的骨髓瘤细胞，呈灶状或弥漫性的分布，该变化是骨髓细胞瘤病病理学的特征性变化，具有诊病意义。有关蛋用型鸡发生骨髓细胞瘤病在国内外尚未见报道。     

抗A型禽流感病毒核蛋白特异性单克隆抗体研究

禽流感（AI）是由A型禽流感病毒（AIV）引起的一种发生于禽类的病毒性传染病。笔者以杂交瘤技术研制抗AIV共同抗原的特异单克隆抗体，旨在建立一种双抗体夹心ELISA方法快速检测AIV，以便为A型AIV的快速诊断技术的研究提供理论依据。     

禽流感病毒HA基因的分子克隆和测序

血凝素（HA）是禽流感病毒诱导机体产生保护性体液免疫反应的主要靶抗原。本研究的目的是克隆HA基因，为以后的表达及基因工程疫苗的研制奠定基础。收获接毒鸡胚的尿囊液，超速离心沉淀病毒，采用异硫氰酸胍法提取病毒RNA，利用反转录－聚合酶链式反应（RT－PCR）技术扩增出禽流感病毒（H9N2亚型）血凝素的cDNA。PCR产物加A尾后，用玻璃奶试剂盒回收纯化目的片段，通过T－A连接将加尾PCR产物连接到线状克隆载体pGEM-T easy vector，转化DH5α感受态细胞，在含氨苄青霉素的LB平板上筛选阳性克隆，提取质粒，经酶切鉴定，对目的片段进行测序，结果获得了HA基因全长，约1．7kb，与已知序列进行同源性比较，同源性最高的可达97％，所克隆的基因为禽流感HA基因工程疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

The indirect immunofluorescence assay using cardiac tissue from chickens, quails and ducks for identification of influenza A virus during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1): a rapid and simple screening tool for limited resource settings

Here we describe the diagnostic utility of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) during a recent outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 virus in southern Thailand and demonstrate the usefulness of the cardiac tissue from infected chickens, quail, and ducks for diagnosis. The most reliable sample for IFA diagnosis of influenza A virus was cardiac tissue (83.0%; 44/53) which when divided by species (chicken, quail and duck cardiac tissues) gave respective positivity rates of 88% (22/25), 88.9% (16/18) and 60.0% (6/10). Cardiac tissue also gave the highest IFA intensity for the three species. We believe that the IFA method has wide applicability in developing countries or remote settings where clinically similar avian diseases with high morbidity and mortality such as Newcastle disease and fowl cholera are common and could be rapidly excluded thereby conserving valuable reference laboratory capacity for true HPAI outbreaks.