Yam tuber and maize grain yield response to cropping system intensification in south-west Nigeria

Four factorial trials were conducted with yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) at Ibadan, Nigeria from 2013 to 2015, investigating effects of (1) tillage (2) fertilizer (3) intercropping (4) yam plant densities. Yam tuber yields varied between years (2013: 16.44 Mg ha^?1; 2014: 10.08 Mg ha^?1; 2015 26.61 Mg ha^?1). In 2013 neither tillage nor fertilizer affected tuber yields. In 2014 tillage increased yields (+25.4%, P < 0.0001), fertilizer reduced yield (?10.5%; P = 0.0046). In 2015 tillage increased tuber yields by 8.1% (ns), fertilizer application increased yield (+17.5%, P = 0.0017). Across the years, tuber yields increased (P < 0.01) with increasing yam density with a constant increase in 2013 up to the highest density, yet yields leveled out above 14,815 plants ha^?1 in 2014 and 2015. Intercropping with maize (66,667 plants ha^?1) reduced tuber yield by 42.62% in 2013, 44.52% in 2014 and 30.68% in 2015 (P < 0.01 all years) across all yam densities. Maize grain yield was higher in sole crop in 2 years. Fertilizer increased yields in all years (P < 0.0001). Maize yield had no response to the yam densities. Ridging had a negative effect on grain yield in 2015 (?0.3 Mg ha^?1, P = 0.0002). Increasing plant density appears a safe measure to increase yam yields.     

固态发酵制备红曲淮山的工艺优化

[目的]优化固态发酵制备红曲淮山工艺,为淮山资源的开发利用提供技术支持.[方法]以淮山为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,以发酵时间、底物量、接种量和培养基初始水含量为考察因素,以色价为评价指标,通过正交试验确定固态发酵制备红曲淮山的最佳工艺,并参照QB/T 2847-2007《功能性红曲米(粉)》和GB/T 5009.124-2003《食品中氨基酸的测定》对制备的红曲淮山进行功能成分分析.[结果]影响固态发酵制备红曲淮山的因素排序为底物量>培养基初始水含量>发酵时间>接种量;固态发酵制备红曲淮山的最佳工艺条件:发酵时间13 d、底物量45 g(置于250 mL三角瓶中)、接种量0.4%、培养基初始水含量60%,在此条件下制得的红曲淮山色价均值为1205.42 u/g,降血脂功效成分莫纳科林K和降血压功效成分γ-氨基丁酸含量分别为80.00和31.74 mg/100 g,是发酵前红曲的10.00倍和10.58倍.[结论]淮山代替籼米作为红曲霉的发酵底物,发酵得到的红曲淮山功效成分含量高,为淮山资源的充分利用提供一条新途径.     

德化英山淮山优质高产栽培技术

德化英山淮山种植历史悠久,产出的淮山品质优、口感好,深受消费者的青睐。该文介绍英山淮山的特征特性及高产栽培技术。     

湖北省长山药田间杂草发生规律与化学防治

通过对湖北省几个长山药(Dioscorea batatas Decne.)主产区进行定点、定时田间调查,基本上摸清了危害长山药的主要杂草种类及其发生规律,并有针对性地进行了化学除草试验,明确了化学除草的最佳时期,并筛选出了毒性低、残留时间短的几种适宜于长山药田间施用的化学除草剂.     

Bulbil Formation and Yield Responses of Chinese Yam to Application of Gibberellic Acid, Mepiquat Chloride and Trinexapac-ethyl

A field experiment was conducted in three successive years at the Institute of Bioresources, Kyongbuk Provincial Agricultural Technology Administration, Andong, South Korea, to determine the effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and the two plant growth retardants mepiquat chloride (MC) and trinexapac‐ethyl (TNE) on bulbil formation and yield, including tuber yield responses, in the Chinese yam. The most effective plant growth retardant in inducing early bulbil formation was MC in the three successive seasons. MC treatment greatly increased bulbil yield compared with the control in the three successive years. It also markedly increased the ratio of bulbil size (> 4 mm) compared with the control. Furthermore, the ratio of bulbil size (> 4 mm) was greatly increased at highest MC concentration (600 p.p.m.) to 65.4 %. Tuber yield per hectare was significantly increased by GA application compared with the control. GA application at the highest concentration (600 p.p.m.) was most effective in increasing tuber size in Chinese yam.     

Pollination management for controlled hybridization of white yam

Pollination and fertilization success in white yam, Dioscorea rotundata Poir., depend on knowledge and good management of factors influencing the availability of open male flowers from which good pollen can be collected for effective use in pollinations of genetically compatible female plants under non-xeric conditions. In vitro germination of pollen from numerous genotypes demonstrated varied viability (0.3–85.0%). However, pollen from bisexual flowers on monoecious plants was inferior to pollen from unisexual flowers from dioecious plants. Natural pollination by thrips is inefficient, such that populations with higher ratios of male to female plants set more fruits. To improve fruit set, hand pollinations should be made with pollen from diverse genotypes, early in the flowering period when net water balance is positive. In crossing-blocks, male plants should be closely interpositioned with female plants to reduce pollination distance, thereby improving pollination and fruit set.     

铁棍山药和太谷山药代谢成分差异研究

采用代谢组学方法,利用超高效液相色谱-单四极杆-飞行时间质谱仪对铁棍山药和太谷山药的代谢成分进行分析,以期为山药的功能评价提供参考。结果表明,利用Masslynx软件能将铁棍山药和太谷山药正离子模式下检测到的代谢物进行很好的分组,这表明,铁棍山药和太谷山药代谢物差异较大;进一步对其差异代谢物质进行S-Plot分析,发现有8种差异代谢物质,通过数据库比对,其中3种为植酸、麦角甾醇和豆固醇,分别属于酸类和醇类,有5种代谢物需要进一步鉴定。由此可见,通过对山药代谢物的差异化分析,可以对山药的药效属性进行评估,这为保持山药的地道性提供了重要的检测手段。     

紫山药研究进展

紫山药属山药的紫红肉品种群,因其块茎呈紫红色且具有丰富的营养成分和滋补保健作用,受到越来越多消费者的关注和青睐,目前全国多地都积极开展了紫山药的种植和研究工作,但仍存在特色品种较少,农户种植多为地方农家种,品质产量差异较大,消费者对紫山药的认识度偏低,部分地区栽培方式尚处于摸索阶段,深加工产品较少,附加值不高,产业抗风险能力较低等问题,本文通过调查及文献调研,综述了近几年紫山药的种质、栽培技术、种苗扩繁,化学成分包括花色苷、多糖、尿囊素、薯蓣皂苷、糖蛋白、酚酸、主要营养成分,以及药理作用,开发利用等方面的研究进展,并提出加强资源收集评价与特色品种选育,加强功效药理与保鲜加工研究,推进规范化种植,提高产品附加值,以促进紫山药产业持续发展。     

佛掌山药与铁棍山药的营养成分比较

[目的]比较佛掌山药和铁棍山药主要营养成分,并对其营养价值进行评价。[方法]用常规方法测定佛掌山药和铁棒山药的干物质、矿物质、氨基酸、蛋白质、可溶性糖以及粗纤维含量。[结果]佛掌山药的干物质、磷和钾的含量分别比铁棍山药高7.0%、19.5%和26.0%,而铁棒山药铁、钙和锌的含量分别比佛掌山药高4.0%、7.8%和7.3%;佛掌山药的总氨基酸、必需氨基酸以及婴儿发育的必需氨基酸、蛋白质及可溶性糖的含量均高于铁棍山药,而粗纤维含量低于铁棍山药。[结论]佛掌山药的营养价值高于铁棍山药。