不同地区奶牛源抗生素耐药及耐药基因携带情况研究进展

抗生素对畜禽养殖业的发展起到重要作用。由于抗生素的大量使用,动物体内产生大量耐药菌。本文综述了奶牛源常见耐药菌(大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌)对抗生素的耐药情况及耐药基因的携带情况,旨在为临床抗生素的使用提供指导。     

杨忠岐和他的生态提案

全国政协委员杨忠岐有着多重身份:国务院参事、北京市人民政府参事、中国林业科学研究院首席专家、全国著名树木森林病虫害防治专家,曾担任两届中国昆虫学会副理事长。     

临床16S rRNA甲基化酶的研究新进展

16SrRNA甲基化酶是近年来出现于临床的一种新耐药决定因子,介导细菌对多种氨基糖苷类高水平耐药,最初发现于肠杆菌科中,目前在革兰阴性菌中已发现至少由12种等位基因编码的10种16SrRNA甲基化酶。由于大多编码16SrRNA甲基化酶的基因常位于可动遗传因子如接合型质粒、整合子、转座子、插入序列共同区上,易引起耐药性和耐药基因的传播,导致临床抗感染治疗的失败。本文综述了临床16SrRNA甲基化酶的新发现,其介导的耐药性、作用机制、临床流行特点、传播特点及分子遗传背景、来源及进化,为临床合理应用氨基糖苷类抗生素、开发16SrRNA甲基化酶抑制剂奠定基础。     

多重实时荧光定量PCR鉴别欧洲型、美洲型和高致病性PRRSV检测方法的建立

根据欧洲型N基因、美洲型M基因和高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)nsp2基因的各自保守序列设计特异性的引物和不同荧光标记的TaqMan荧光探针,通过优化反应体系和扩增条件,建立了能够检测欧洲型、美洲型和高致病性PRRSV的多重实时荧光定量PCR方法。该方法的重复试验表明其批内和批间的变异系数最高值分别为1.84%和1.76%;灵敏性试验表明其检测下限为10copies/μL;特异性试验表明与其他一些猪源病毒无交叉反应,具有良好的特异性;临床试验表明,该方法能够快速准确地检测出临床组织样本中美洲型及高致病性PRRSV的核酸;此外,本研究用欧洲型PRRSV质粒进一步验证了该方法可以检测出欧洲型PRRSV的目的基因。该方法的建立为不同类型的PRRSV快速检测提供了有效手段,可用于猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫情的监测及防控。     

Isolation,Identification and Multidrug-resistant Analysis of the New Sequence Type ST989 Strain of Enterococcus faecium

Gram-positive cocci were isolated from half a month diseased lambs with a fatal infection in a sheep farm in Minhe county, Qinghai province.The clinical symptoms observed were drooping, reduced feed intake, emaciated and fever.The infected lambs died several hours after the disease been observed.Necropsy of two dying lambs revealed that for one lamb, the liver was enlarged and capsule of the liver dropped, and other organs had no obvious changes;For the other one, the organs had no obvious changes.After gram staining, gram-positive cocci were observed from all the samples.Partial Tuf gene sequences of these isolates were amplified and sequenced for species identification, BLASTn conparison result revealed that they had the highest sequence similarity with that of Enterococcus faecium (E.faecium) AUS0085 (99.8%), we thus primarily confirmed that these strains belonged to E.faecium.Antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that these strains could be divided into two classes.Class 1 was resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, rifamycins, lincomycin and clindamycin;Susceptible to chloromycetin and vancomycin.Class 2 was resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, rifamycins;Intermediate resistance to erythromycin and roxithromycin;But susceptible to clarithromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, chloromycetin and vancomycin.Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on seven housekeeping genes for E.faecium revealed that E.faecium lby1 strain in class 1 and E.faecium lbg3 strain in class 2 were defined as a new sequence type ST989.Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed the representative strain of these isolates, E.faecium lbg3, was clustered together with E.faecium ST468.The pathogenicity test revealed that E.faecium lby1 and lbg3 strains both had pathogenicity.     

Study on Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorous on the Resistance of E.coli to Chloramphenicol and its Mechanism

This study was designed to explore the effect of nitrogen and phosphorous on the resistance of E.coli from environment and the mechanism.Microcosms were established to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorous on the resistant phenotype of E.coli to chloramphenicol (CHL).cat gene of isolated drug-resistant strains and susceptible strains were detected.The results showed that,different concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous could induce the formation of antibiotics resistance of E.coli to CHL.The rate of cat gene of 46 strains of chloramphenicol resistant E.coli was 89.13%,which was 0 in the 16 strains of chloramphenicol sensitive E.coli.The results indicated that,nitrogen and phosphorous in the microcosms could induce the formation and maintenance of resistance to chloramphenicol in E.coli,which had correlation with cat gene.     

Study on Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken and Swine in Organic Farm

To determine the drug resistance of E.coli strains from swine and chicken in organic farm,collection of stool specimens was conducted in one organic farm in Conghua city,Guangdong province in 2014,in which 118 E.coli strains were separated,including 55 from chicken and 63 from swine.The sensitivity of the E.coli strains from swine and chicken to 18 kinds of drugs was detected through agar dilution method.Similar properties in drug resistance were observed both in E.coli strains from swine and chicken in the same organic farm.In consideration of the resistance rate,samples were relatively sensitive to ceftazidime,cefquinome,cefoxitin,amikacin,apramycin,gentamicin,neomycin,florfenicol,chloramphenicol,imipenem,ciprofloxacin and olaquindox (chicken 0 to 21.8%;swine 0 to 14.3%).These isolates showed moderate resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin (chicken 29.1% to 38.2%;swine 23.8% to 27.0%).About 56.4% chicken isolates and 47.6% swine isolates showed resistant to more than 3 kinds of drugs.However,severe resistance was observed in trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole,tetracyclineand and doxycycline (chicken 45.5%,76.4% and 72.7%;swine 50.8%,81.0% and 68.3%).The results also indicated that under organic farming mode,the drug resistance rates of E.coli strains from swine and chicken were relatively low in general.Multi-drug resistance existed but was relatively slight.Although the drug resistance rate to several specific antimicrobials was high,it was still lower than that in conventional farms.Since most studies focused on the drug resistance of the bacteria under conventional farming model,this study filled the blank of the research of drug resistance under organic farming model.     

谈氯化钙注射液在兽医临床上的应用

<正>众所周知,氯化钙注射液的主要成分就是氯化钙,因为氯化钙具有促进骨骼和牙齿钙化形成、维持神经肌肉的正常兴奋性、促进血凝和消炎、抗过敏等多重功效[1],所以氯化钙注射液已成为兽医临床上治疗各种疾病的常用药。但是,目前仍有许多兽医对本品的应用存在诸多误区,致使氯化钙的功效得不到     

猪瘟病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒高致病性/经典毒株多重RT-PCR方法的建立及应用

为了建立鉴别猪瘟病毒(Classical swine virus,CSFV)、高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(HP-PRRSV)及经典猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(C-PRRSV)的快速检测方法,根据GenBank中公布的已知序列,设计合成了针对CSFV、HP-PRRSV和C-PRRSV特异性引物。经过引物筛选及对退火温度、引物比例等扩增条件的优化,建立了用2对引物同时检测CSFV、HP-PRRSV和C-PRRSV的多重RT-PCR方法。该方法可同时扩增出287bp的CSFV、374bp的HP-PRRSV和464bp的C-PRRSV目的核苷酸片段,与猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)和传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)等无交叉反应,最低可以检测到11.3pg的CSFV、4.7pg的HP-PRRSV和2.8pg的C-PRRSV总RNA。分别用多重和单项RT-PCR检测了从河北省采集的31份血清或组织样品,其中CSFV、HP-PRRSV、C-PRRSV以及CSFV与HP-PRRSV混合感染的检出率分别为19.4%、22.6%、0%与9.7%,多重与单项RT-PCR的符合率为100%。本试验建立的多重RT-PCR方法可同时鉴别CSFV、HP-PRRSV与C-PRRSV,适于猪瘟病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的快速检测与流行病学调查。     

大肠杆菌生物被膜与耐药性的关系

生物被膜的形成是大肠杆菌引起消化道反复难治性感染的重要因素。大肠杆菌形成生物被膜后使感染易于慢性化、控制困难,具有高度耐药性的同时还能逃避免疫系统的攻击和抗菌药物的杀伤作用。生物被膜的耐药机制主要包括营养限制、渗透障碍、表型结构学说等。现就大肠杆菌生物被膜的形成、耐药机制及其防治策略等研究现状做一综述。