Structural Influencing Coefficient of Moment-Resisting Steel Frames Based on Equal Collapse Rule

In order to realize the performance target of “no collapse under rare earthquake” based on the seismic design according to structural influencing coefficient, three moment-resisting steel frames have been designed with similar probability of collapse in accordance with Chinese Seismic Code. The structural influencing coefficient of steel frames were determined through the incremental dynamic analysis method, and within equal collapse design rule. This paper proposed a method to define structural influencing coefficient can provide reference for determining the design seismic force of steel frame reasonably.     

REPEATABILITY OF A PLANNING TARGET VOLUME EXPANSION PROTOCOL FOR RADIATION THERAPY OF REGIONAL LYMPH NODES IN CANINE AND FELINE PATIENTS WITH HEAD TUMORS

For canine and feline patients with head tumors, simultaneous irradiation of the primary tumor and mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (LNs) is often indicated. The purpose of this study was to assess the repeatability of a planning target volume (PTV) expansion protocol for these LNs. Two CT image sets from 44 dogs and 37 cats that underwent radiation therapy for head tumors were compared to determine LN repositioning accuracy and precision; planning‐CT (for radiation therapy planning) and cone‐beam CT (at the time of actual treatment sessions). Eleven percent of dogs and 65% of cats received treatment to their LNs. In dogs, the mandibular LNs were positioned more caudally (P = 0.0002) and the right mandibular and right retropharyngeal LNs were positioned more to the left side of the patient (P = 0.00015 and P = 0.003, respectively). In cats, left mandibular LN was positioned higher (toward roof) than the planning‐CT (P = 0.028). In conclusion, when the patient immobilization devices and bony anatomy matching are used to align the primary head target and these LNs are treated simultaneously, an asymmetrical PTV expansion that ranges 4–9 mm (dogs) and 2–4 mm (cats), depending on the directions of couch movement, should be used to include the LNs within the PTV at least 95% of the time.     

Feasibility of using FGD gypsum to conserve water and reduce erosion from an agricultural soil in Georgia

Crop production in Georgia and the Southeastern U.S. can be limited by water. Highly-weathered, drought-prone soils are susceptible to runoff and erosion. Rainfall patterns generate runoff producing storms followed by extended periods of drought during the crop growing season. Thus, supplemental irrigation is often needed to sustain profitable crop production. Increased water retention and soil conservation would efficiently improve water use and reduce irrigation amounts/costs and sedimentation, and sustain productive farm land, thus improving producer's profit margin. Soil amendments, such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, have been shown to retain rainfall and/or irrigation water through increased infiltration while decreasing runoff (R) and sediment (E). Objectives were to quantify rainfall partitioning and sediment delivery improvements with surface applied FGD gypsum from an Ultisol managed to conventional till (CT) and to assess the feasibility of using FGD gypsum on agricultural land in southern Georgia. A field study (Faceville loamy sand, Typic Kandiudult) was established (2006, 2007) near Dawson, GA managed to CT, irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). FGD gypsum application rates evaluated were 0, 1.1, 2.2, 4.5, and 9 Mg ha^− 1. Gypsum treatments and simulated rainfall (50 mm h^− 1 for 1 h) were applied to 2-m wide × 3-m long field plots (n = 3). Runoff and E were measured from each 6-m² plot (slope = 1%). FGD gypsum plots averaged 26% more infiltration (INF), 40% less R, 58% less E, 27% lower maximum R rates (R_max), and 2 times lower maximum E rates (E_max) than control plots. Values of INF and water for crop use increased, and R, E, R_max, and E_max decreased as FGD gypsum application rate increased. Values of INF, R, E, R_max, and E_max for 9 Mg ha^− 1 plots were as much as 17% greater, 35% less, 1.9 times less, 35% less, and 1.9 times less than those from other FGD gypsum plots, respectively; and 40% greater, 40% less, 2.2 times less, 52% less, and 2.9 times less than those from control plots, respectively. Applying FGD gypsum to agricultural lands is a cost-effective management practice for producers in Georgia that beneficially impacts natural resource conservation, producer profit margins, and environmental quality. Agriculture in the Southeast provides a viable market for the electric power industry to convert disposal costs of FGD gypsum into a profitable commodity.     

Fungicide efficacy of dry bean white mold [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary,causal organism] and economic analysis at moderate to high disease pressure

White mold [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, causal organism] is an economically damaging disease of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Producers often require fungicides to control moderate to high disease levels. Evaluation of fungicide efficacy and cost is critical to make cognisant management decisions. Four field studies were conducted at the Huron Research Station, near Exeter, Ontario in 2012 and 2013. Commercially available synthetic fungicides and a biofungicide seed treatment were evaluated for efficacy in suppressing white mold of dry bean and a subsequent economic analysis was conducted. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated using disease intensity (incidence × severity) ratings. The untreated control and biofungicide seed treatment had the highest AUDPC values, and in addition to the two applications of the low rate of fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin and two applications of penthiopyrad, had the lowest yields. The most efficacious products with regard to disease suppression and yield response were two applications of boscalid, all rates of fluazinam and thiophanate-methyl, and two applications of the high rate of fluopyram + prothioconazole. Two applications of the high rate of fluazinam had the lowest AUDPC, which was nearly 60% lower than the untreated control. Two applications of the high rate of thiophanate-methyl was the highest yielding treatment, recovering 70% of yield lost from untreated plots. Economic impacts varied with planting dates. For the first planting, profit margins for all fungicide treatments, with the exception of two applications of penthiopyrad, two applications of the low rate of fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, and the biofungicide seed treatment, were significantly greater than the untreated control. For the second planting, only profit margins for all fluazinam treatments were significantly greater than the untreated control. This study identifies new economically viable fungicide options for dry bean producers to control white mold.     

凤梨叶缘变化规律及无性繁殖方式对叶刺性状稳定性的影响

【目的】分析不同凤梨品种叶缘变化规律,探讨叶刺性状在无性繁殖过程中的稳定性。【方法】以4种凤梨属植物共计14个栽培品种为材料,调查叶缘类型、叶刺形态,并以2个不同叶缘类型的品种为材料比较吸芽繁殖和组培繁殖对叶缘性状稳定性的影响。【结果】根据叶刺着生的位置、密度和有刺叶片所占比例等差异,可将凤梨植株的叶缘划分为完全无刺、仅叶尖有刺、偶尔有刺、偶尔无刺和全株有刺等5种类型;进而将凤梨品种划分为全株有刺、完全无刺和中间类型3类。全株有刺、完全无刺类型品种无论以吸芽繁殖还是组培繁殖,其后代叶缘类型稳定;而中间类型品种的无性繁殖后代则叶缘性状不稳定,即使以中间类型品种中完全无刺的吸芽进行繁殖,后代中仍然会出现仅叶尖有刺、偶尔有刺、偶尔无刺等3种叶缘类型的植株。叶刺是由叶片细胞向外延伸而形成,表面由一层较厚角质层所包裹,向上弯曲呈钩状,开张角度22°~55°,间距1.99~9.72 mm,长1.14~2.46 mm。将中间类型品种‘MD-2’中的全株无刺类型植株通过"以芽繁芽"方式增殖8~10代时,所得组培植株的叶缘有刺率平均4.3%;若不加选择地使用无刺或有刺的吸芽进行组培,8~10代时有刺率达47.78%,有刺率与田间吸芽繁殖情况没有显著差异。【结论】按叶缘状况可将凤梨属品种划分为全株有刺、完全无刺和中间类型3个种,无性繁殖时中间类型品种的叶缘性状不稳定。     

网络时代期刊出版标识应标准化和规范化

通过对期刊的封面、条形码和页眉3个出版标识不规范现象的调查，建议网络时代的期刊出版标识应该实现标准化和规范化。     

Vegetation development of sown grass margins in arable fields under a countrywide agri-environment scheme

Farmers were paid to establish 6 m wide sown grass strips in arable field margins under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme in England, UK. One hundred and sixteen sites in eight regions were surveyed to determine if grass margins had been established successfully and the extent to which they were colonised by forbs. Sown margins had more grass and fewer weed species than naturally regenerated sites. Grass margins contrasted with normally cropped sites, having greater species richness of grasses, forbs and perennials and more bird, butterfly larva and bumblebee foodplants. Mesotrophic grassland forbs were scarce in margins established from basic grass seed mixtures but significantly more abundant if included in the seed mixture. Annuals were more prevalent in sites up to 2 years old but species composition was not related to age in sites over 2 years old. Variation partitioning showed that overall species composition was related to seed mixture type, region and soil properties but there was little overlap in the variation explained by these environmental variable sets. Habitat context and management practices did not explain any variation in species composition. Perennial grassy vegetation was established successfully using basic grass seed mixes but only competitive species colonised subsequently. Diverse seed mixtures containing mesotrophic grassland forbs merit support in agri-environment schemes because they do enhance the botanical diversity of sown grass margins.     

2014年大豆市场形势分析与2015年展望

预计2014年国内大豆种植面积继续下降,但黑龙江由于春涝在连续5年下降后首次增加。由于黄淮海流域部分地区大幅减产,预计全国产量比上年略减。2014年,国内大豆价格先降后升,国际大豆价格先涨后跌,价差创历史最高纪录。大豆进口继续增加,进口量有望接近7 000万t,再创纪录已成定局。展望2015年,全球大豆供给充裕,国际大豆价格难掀波澜,国内大豆价格易跌难涨。     

准格尔盆地西北缘一次寒潮天气特征分析

通过分析2011年2月下旬准格尔盆地西北缘发生的一场寒潮天气,总结了形成这次天气的环流背景、中低层温度场及冷平流垂直变化特征.结果表明,欧洲脊主体稳定,脊顶缓慢东南垮,西伯利亚槽逆转南压西伸,槽前形成强盛的西南急流,使天气前期区域气温快速上升.槽后西北风带风速不断加强,输送高纬冷空气南下堆积,冷平流快速进入中低层大气,强冷空气在近地面猛烈暴发,是形成此次寒潮天气的主要成因.