施用羊粪对多花黑麦草生产性能和氮素生产效率的影响

为了探讨羊粪施用量对多花黑麦草生产性能和氮素生产效率的影响,以3个多花黑麦草品种为材料,采用5种羊粪施用梯度进行田间试验。结果表明:在0~60 t/hm2范围内,随着羊粪施用量的增加,多花黑麦草的分蘖数、株高、产量、粗蛋白含量均能显著提高,但氮素的生产效率逐步降低,且3个品种间的差异不显著(P0.05);证实3个品种均适合利用羊粪种植,在多次刈割条件下,最佳羊粪施用量为45~60 t/hm2(折合纯氮778.5~1038 kg/hm2)。     

Earthworms increase soil microbial biomass carrying capacity and nitrogen retention in northern hardwood forests

Earthworms have been shown to produce contrasting effects on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools and dynamics. We measured soil C and N pools and processes and traced the flow of ¹³C and ¹⁵N from sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) litter into soil microbial biomass and respirable C and mineralizable and inorganic N pools in mature northern hardwood forest plots with variable earthworm communities. Previous studies have shown that plots dominated by either Lumbricus rubellus or Lumbricus terrestris have markedly lower total soil C than uncolonized plots. Here we show that total soil N pools in earthworm colonized plots were reduced much less than C, but significantly so in plots dominated by contain L. rubellus. Pools of microbial biomass C and N were higher in earthworm-colonized (especially those dominated by L. rubellus) plots and more ¹³C and ¹⁵N were recovered in microbial biomass and less was recovered in mineralizable and inorganic N pools in these plots. These plots also had lower rates of potential net N mineralization and nitrification than uncolonized reference plots. These results suggest that earthworm stimulation of microbial biomass and activity underlie depletion of soil C and retention and maintenance of soil N pools, at least in northern hardwood forests. Earthworms increase the carrying capacity of soil for microbial biomass and facilitate the flow of N from litter into stable soil organic matter. However, declines in soil C and C:N ratio may increase the potential for hydrologic and gaseous losses in earthworm-colonized sites under changing environmental conditions.     

氮素营养对马铃薯产量形成特性及品质的影响

为优化旱作马铃薯氮素施用量,进一步提高马铃薯产量和改善薯块品质,通过盆栽种植方式,研究氮素营养对马铃薯干物质积累量、根冠比、产量及薯块品质的影响。结果表明:施氮量为190 kg/hm~2时,马铃薯各生育时期干物质积累量、根冠比和单株产量最高,根据一元二次拟合方程得出最佳施氮量为206.39 kg/hm~2,此时马铃薯单株产量为388.22 g,与实际最佳施氮量接近;马铃薯薯块淀粉和VC含量均在施氮量为190 kg/hm~2时最高,薯块蛋白质含量随氮素的增加呈递增趋势,而有机酸含量随氮素增加呈先增后降的趋势,在施氮量为350 kg/hm~2时达到最大值。在试验条件下,综合分析马铃薯产量形成特性及各品质指标,马铃薯氮素最适施用量为190~206.39 kg/hm~2。     

NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N不同配比对菠菜生长及食用品质的影响

为探究氮素形态对菠菜生长和品质的影响,试验采用盆钵培养的方法,在总氮浓度为15 mmol/L的条件下,设置了5种NO_3~--N与NH_4~+-N配比(分别为100:0、75:25、50:50、25:75和0:100),测定了5种铵硝配比条件下菠菜生长与品质相关指标。结果表明:与NH_4~+-N相比,NO_3~--N更有利于菠菜生长与Vc积累。适当增加NH_4~+-N比例后,Vc含量虽显著降低,但对菠菜的生长却无显著影响,并可显著降低可食用部分硝酸盐含量。因此,为了提供高产、低硝酸盐的优质菠菜,笔者认为适宜的NO_3~--N?NH_4~+-N为50:50。     

基于高光谱特征参数的冬小麦氮营养指数估算

为了实现快速高精度获取冬小麦氮营养指数的高光谱监测技术，利用美国SVC HR-1024I型野外光谱辐射仪对2017-2019年关中地区的冬小麦进行遥感监测，获取“三边”参数、任意两波段光谱指数和植被指数，通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法筛选冬小麦氮营养指数的敏感光谱参数，结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林算法(RFR)、支持向量机回归(SVR)和梯度增强回归(GBDT)建立冬小麦氮营养指数模型，并对模型估算精度进行验证。结果表明，从拔节期到灌浆期，各时期的氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数均呈极显著相关，其中拔节期氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数相关性均高于其他时期，且基于一阶导数光谱的归一化光谱指数和比值光谱指数与氮营养指数的相关系数最大，为0.66。拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数预测模型的决定系数(r²)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.96和0.05,模型验证的r²、RMSE和相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.95、0.12和2.12,模型预测精度最高。因此，拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数估算模型可用于冬小麦氮营养监测...     

基于氮梯度加载下的温室核桃砧木苗生长生理特性变化

【目的】探究新疆核桃砧木苗生长特征及生理特性对氮梯度的响应,为核桃砧木苗施氮标准化的探究奠定基础。【方法】以阿克苏厚皮农家种质核桃砧木苗为研究对象,进行不同梯度的氮素诱导,测定核桃砧木苗生长及生理指标。【结果】基于氮梯度加载下的核桃砧木苗株高、地径、叶片数、叶长、光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈上升趋势,并在15 g.a^-1.m^-2处理下达到最高值。【结论】适量地增施氮肥有利于核桃砧木苗的生长、提高砧木苗体内营养物质含量以及促进氮代谢能力。     

切根与不同形态氮素对板栗苗木根系构型及生长的影响

为探明不同调控技术对板栗根系构型的影响和对板栗生长发育的作用效果,以期为培育高质量板栗苗木提供科学依据,采用大田板栗苗木为对象进行切根(切根深度分别为12、8、4 cm、CK)及不同形态氮素(尿素、硝酸钠、CK)追肥试验。结果表明:苗高生长量最大的处理为X2N2,地径生长量最大的处理为X4N1,不同处理苗木地径生长量差异性不显著;在同样切根深度的处理下,施用尿素的苗木在根系总根长、总表面积、总体积上均大于施用硝酸钠的苗木,也即NH^+4较NO^-3对板栗苗木根系生长发育具有更好的促进效果;X1N1、X2N1、X2N3处理在不同径级侧根的根长、根表面积、根体积上分别达到最高,差异性显著(P<0.05)。综合考虑苗木根系指标和形态指标,X2N1即切根深度8 cm结合施用尿素为板栗苗木根系的最佳调控处理。     

氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及品质的影响

以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳9108和南粳5055为材料,采用新型栽培技术钵苗机插移栽,在大田常用量总施氮270 kg hm~(–2)条件下,设置10∶0、9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6七种基蘖肥与穗肥比例的处理。比较研究不同处理对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及稻米品质的影响,以期为氮肥的合理施用提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明,当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶4时,产量最高,与其他处理差异显著。稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均随着基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐增加;直链淀粉和胶稠度含量随着基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐减小,但蛋白质的含量变化趋势相反,后期施氮量大时蛋白质含量增大。两品种的垩白率和垩白度均随着基蘖肥比例的降低呈先增加后减小的趋势,以6∶4处理显著大于其他处理,而垩白大小逐渐增加。食味品质中除了完整性随着基蘖肥所占比例的降低而增加外,香气、光泽、味道、口感以及食味值均呈现递减趋势。各处理的稻米峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度,除对照不施氮肥处理最大外,均随基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐减小,而消减值的变化呈现相反的趋势。基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶4的氮肥运筹方式能显著提高钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量;适当增加穗肥比例能有效改善稻米的加工品质和营养品质,增大稻米粒长和粒宽,但降低了稻米的外观品质和食味品质。     

Dense planting with less basal nitrogen fertilization might benefit rice cropping for high yield with less environmental impacts

Dense planting and less basal nitrogen (N) fertilization have been recommended to further increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE), respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrative impacts of dense planting with reduced basal N application (DR) on rice yield, NUE and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Field experiments with one conventional sparse planting (CK) and four treatments of dense planting (increased seedlings per hill) with less basal N application were conducted in northeast China from 2012 to 2013. In addition, a two-factor experiment was conducted to isolate the effect of planting density and basal N rate on CH₄ emission in 2013. Our results show that an increase in planting density by about 50% with a correspondingly reduction in basal N rate by about 30% (DR1 and DR2) enhanced NUE by 14.3–50.6% and rice grain yield by 0.5–7.4% over CK. Meanwhile, DR1 and DR2 reduced GWP by 6.4–12.6% and yield-scaled GWP by 7.0–17.0% over CK. According to the two-factor experiment, soil CH₄ production and oxidation and CH₄ emission were not affected by planting density. However, reduced basal N rate decreased CH₄ emission due to it significantly reduced soil CH₄ production with a smaller reduction in soil CH₄ oxidation. The above results indicate that moderate dense planting with less basal N application might be an environment friendly mode for rice cropping for high yield and NUE with less GHG emissions.     

根土空间对花生营养器官氮、磷、钾吸收积累变化的影响

为探讨花生高产适宜根系的大小,确定作物根系生长的合理空间范围,为花生高产新品种选育和栽培提供理论依据。以高产花生品种青花7号为试材,设长×宽×深分别为40 cm×20 cm×20 cm、40 cm×20 cm×40 cm、40 cm×20 cm×60 cm、40 cm×20 cm×80 cm 4种大小不等的根土空间,采用网袋法,研究了根土空间对花生营养器官氮、磷、钾吸收积累变化的影响。结果表明,根土空间过小限制了花生根茎叶生物量、氮磷钾含量和积累量的提高,当限根深度超过60 cm后,根土空间大小对花生根茎叶生物量、氮磷钾含量和积累量的影响变小。说明限根深度超过60 cm后,根土空间大小已不是限制花生吸收氮磷钾素的关键因素,限根深度不小于60 cm的根土空间是花生获得较高产量水平的一个必要条件。