Xe NMR spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon as an approach for the characterisation of soil meso- and microporosity

¹²⁹Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon was applied for the characterisation of soil meso- and microporosity. Model systems (Ca-montmorillonite, quartz sand) and three soil types (Luvisol Alh, Bt and Cv horizons; Gleysol Go horizon; Podzol Bvs horizon) were studied. For Ca-montmorillonite, the average intercrystallite pore size has been evaluated. In natural soils, ¹²⁹Xe resonance parameters were shown to be affected by different factors: pore heterogeneity, influence of organic functional groups, possible presence of paramagnetic compounds, occurrence of xenon exchange between inter- and intraparticle void spaces. The effect of those factors on the pattern of ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectra was tested. In the three soils studied, no micropores within the mineral phase available for xenon adsorption were found. The most probable reason is that such pores are occupied by small molecules of the soil organic matter (SOM). Variable extent of accessibility of mesopores within the mineral phase of the various soils was revealed. It was highest in the Podzol. Here, xenon exchange between different adsorption zones (i.e., pores of differing size, e.g., internal and external void spaces) was slow on an NMR time scale that allowed to detect separate signals, each characterising xenon behaviour in the respective adsorption zone. The pore system of the soil organic matter was shown to be not accessible for xenon, as it is accepted for N₂ and other nonpolar adsorbates. Based on analysis of the spectra, a model for the possible mutual location of organic matter and iron compounds in natural soils was suggested. According to this model, a certain part of organic matter species can form the layers above iron species, thus masking them and preventing ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectra from significant low-field shifts and signal broadening.     

Improving wrinkle resistance of cotton fabric by montmorillonite

Cotton fabric was treated with montmorillonite (MMT) so as to evaluate its effectiveness on improving its wrinkle resistance. The MMT in emulsion form was applied to cotton fabric by padding and finally the wrinkle resistance of the MMT-treated cotton fabric was improved. Furthermore, instrumental methods were used for studying the presence of MMT particles on the cotton fabric surface. It was noted that nano-scale MMT particles adhered on the fiber surface and the particle size played an important role in influencing the wrinkle resistance of the cotton fabric. The experimental results are discussed thoroughly in this paper.     

铝在钠蒙脱土上的吸附研究

在293.15-338.15K范围内,溶液初始pH值为2、3和4条件下,用静态法系统地研究了铝在钠蒙脱土的吸附等温线及pH值、温度对吸附反应的影响.吸附等温线可用Langmuir模型描述,吸附在粘土表面的铝除Al3+形式外,还有水解产物形式(羟基铝).根据pH变化估算了反应过程中,粘土边缘吸附的H+,吸附于粘土表面Al3+的水解所束缚的OH-和表面水解度.对三价离子与粘土的相互作用机理及pH对吸附的影响进行了研究.     

不同施肥处理土壤胡敏酸及其级分与蒙脱石的吸附特征 Ⅱ. 蒙脱石对胡敏酸不同级分的吸附

采用酒精沉淀法，把不同施肥处理土壤胡敏酸分为7个级分，研究了胡敏酸不同级分与钙饱和蒙脱石的吸附特征。结果表明，蒙脱石对胡敏酸各级分的吸附可用单表面Langmuir、双表面Langmuir和Freundlich方程来描述。各级分的吸附量和吸附强度不是随级分数变化单一递增或递减，在7个级分中，级分4、3的吸附量和吸附强度较大，是吸附最佳级分。说明级分4、3具有与蒙脱石胶体最佳的成键吸附状态，是吸附最佳分子状态。有机肥处理，吸附最佳级分的吸附性状（吸附量和吸附强度）优于化肥、无肥处理。     

除草剂草甘膦在几种土壤和矿物上的吸附研究

通过批平衡实验考察了草甘膦在几种性质不同土壤和矿物上的吸附行为。研究发现土壤对草甘膦有较强的吸附能力，草甘膦在土壤上吸附量的大小与土壤理化性质密切相关。草甘膦在土壤和矿物上的吸附符合Freundlich吸附方程，其在土壤上的吸附常数K与土壤粘粒含量呈正相关，并随土壤氧化铁和氧化铝含量增加而增加，而与土壤的pH呈显著负相关。草甘膦在高岭石上的吸附量要比在蒙脱石上大，而草甘膦在金属离子饱和的蒙脱石和高岭石上的吸附研究结果表明，草甘膦在钠、钙、铁离子饱和的矿物上的吸附能力依次为Fe-蒙脱石〉Ca-蒙脱石〉Na-蒙脱石和Fe-高岭石〉Ca-高岭石〉Na-高岭石。     

Design of Wood/Montmorillonite (MMT) Intercalation NanocompositeCollege of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R.China

Studying new wood composites through nano science and technology (NSC) will develop new compounding theory of wood, and accelerate the combination of new technology, wood science, material science and other disciplines. The compounding of wood and inorganic MMT on nanoscale molecular level has high potential to greatly improve the mechanical properties, fire retardance, abrasion resistance, decay resistance, dimensional stability and other properties of wood. Based on the great achievements of polymer/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, this paper reviewed nano intercalation compounding methods (i.e. in-situ intercalative polymerization and direct polymer intercalation), and discussed the structure, properties and modification of montmorillonite (MMT). According to the main chemical components and particular structure of wood, the authors discussed the liquefaction and plasticization of wood, compared the dissolvability and meltability between wood and polymer, and then systematically put forward the basic idea, technological processes and schematic diagram to prepare wood/MMT nanocomposites (WMNC). The key technology to prepare WMNC is either to introduce delaminated MMT nanolayers into wood with the help of some intermediate polymers, or to obtain liquefied wood or plasticized wood from the complicated natural composite. It is applicable and effective to realize wood/MMT nanoscale compounding with the help of proper intercalation agent and medium polymer through the proposed "one-step" or "two-step" impregnating processes.     

蒙脱石及改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附研究

分别研究了在pH2．06及pH8．01条件下及有无赖氨酸存在时蒙脱石及改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附和解吸规律。结果表明，蒙脱石和改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1均有较强的吸附性，吸附量随黄曲霉毒素B1含量增加而增加，两者呈直线相关。当吸附反应体系中赖氨酸含量为0．2％、0．4％时，不影响蒙脱石及改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附。蒙脱石和改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附量大小相近，但改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附量不受边面封闭剂的影响，且改性蒙脱石吸附黄曲霉毒素B1后，黄曲霉毒素B1的解吸率较蒙脱石低，表明有机改性蒙脱石对黄曲霉毒素B1有更高的吸附稳定性。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of polyurethane/nylon/montmorillonite nanocomposite

Nanocomposite of polyurethane (PU), Nylon66 (nylon), and montmorillonite (MMT) was prepared by a twin screw extruder, and the dispersion of MMT and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite were analyzed. Dimethyl hydrogenated tallow 2-ethylhexyl ammonium modified Cloisite 25A (C25A) and methyl tallow bis-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium modified Cloisite 30B (C30B) were used as MMT. XRD and TEM analysis indicated that the continuous melt mixing by a twin screw extruder was effective in MMT dispersion. C30B having hydroxyl group on its surface has better dispersion than C25A in the PU/nylon matrix. Maximum stress and strain at break were the maximum at 1 wt% MMT regardless of matrix composition, and decreased at higher MMT content. Best MMT dispersion was also observed at 1 wt% MMT for the entire matrix composition. Aggregation of MMT occurred at MMT content higher than 1 wt%. Nylon addition also induced the aggregation of MMT because of the high polarity of nylon surface. Dispersion of MMT was very important in improving the mechanical properties of PU/nylon nanocomposite.     

蒙脱石对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血清抗氧化指标的影响

试验旨在研究蒙脱石对北京油鸡蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血清抗氧化指标的影响。选取体重相近、健康良好的180只22周龄的北京油鸡,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复9只鸡。对照组饲喂不添加蒙脱石的基础饲粮;试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加1‰、2‰、3‰、4‰蒙脱石。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。结果表明:添加蒙脱石对蛋鸡平均日采食量、产蛋率、平均日产蛋重等指标影响显著;与对照组相比,2‰蒙脱石组产蛋率和平均日产蛋重显著提高;1‰、2‰、3‰、4‰蒙脱石组的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳色泽、蛋壳强度、蛋白高度、蛋壳厚度等蛋品质指标均无显著影响;与对照组相比,3‰、4‰蒙脱石组的血清总抗氧化能力显著降低,2‰、3‰蒙脱石组的总超氧化物歧化酶含量显著提高。由此可见,蒙脱石可以改善蛋鸡生产性能和血清抗氧化指标,在霉菌毒素不超标的情况下,北京油鸡饲粮推荐添加剂量为2‰。     

New strategies in the preparation of exfoliated thermoplastic starch-montmorillonite nanocomposites

A simple method based on the combination of the intercalation from solution and melt-processing preparation methods was used to prepare highly exfoliated and compatible thermoplastic starch (TPS) and montmorillonite clay (MMT) nanocomposites. The effects of the MMT content on the thermal, structural, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. XRD diffraction was used to investigate the MMT exfoliation/intercalation degrees in the TPS matrix. Data from thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the addition of MMT increased the thermal stabilities of TPS nanocomposites. Young's modulus and tensile strength increased from 8.0 to 23.8 MPa and 1.5 to 2.8 MPa with an increasing MMT content from 0 to 5 wt% without diminishing their flexibility. The improvement in such properties can be attributed to the good dispersion/exfoliation of MMT in the TPS matrix. Combining both methods, it was possible to obtain homogenous and transparent nanocomposites with excellent thermal and mechanical properties for application as packaging materials.