发酵技术在植物细胞生产中的应用现状

发酵技术应用于植物细胞的大规模培养,已经成为获取某些珍稀药物资源的有效方式,为人类利用植物有用化学成分开辟了一条新路。发酵设备的应用为工厂化生产的实现提供了有效手段,使植物细胞的生产过程严格化、程序化,从而更好地控制了生产条件,进一步提高了植物细胞培养技术为人类服务的能力。阐述了发酵设备和发酵技术在植物细胞大规模培养过程中的应用状况,以及发酵技术在植物细胞大规模培养中发挥的重要作用,并且坚信这一技术将在今后的利用植物细胞为人类的健康事业服务中作出更大的贡献。     

链霉菌702抗尖孢镰刀菌次级代谢产物的分离鉴定及活性研究

从链霉菌702代谢产物中分离纯化抗尖孢镰刀菌的活性成分.以抗尖孢镰刀菌活性为导向,采用多种色谱分离技术对活性成分进行分离纯化,并对其理化性质和波谱学数据进行测定和综合解析,鉴定其化学结构.结果从链霉菌702代谢产物中分离得到1个多烯大环内酯化合物,经鉴定为制霉色基素(Fungichromin),该化合物具有显著的抗尖孢...     

花脸香蘑发酵物的体外抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性研究

[目的]测定花脸香蘑[Lepista sordida（Schumach.Fr.）Singer]发酵产物的体外抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性。[方法]利用不同溶剂对花脸香蘑发酵次生代谢物质进行了分级分离提取,用二苯基苦味酰基苯肼（DPPH）法检测各级分离物的抗氧化活性;用噻唑兰（MTT）法检测其体外抗肿瘤活性。[结果]固体发酵花脸香蘑乙酸乙酯相抗氧化活性最高,其次为发酵液乙酸乙酯相;花脸香蘑发酵液乙酸乙酯相抗肿瘤活性最高,对人宫颈癌细胞Hela的IC50值为50μg/ml;菌丝提取物也表现出较强的抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性。[结论]该结果为进一步研究和开发利用花脸香蘑提供了新的科学依据。     

链格孢菌代谢产物的抑菌活性

采用室内生物测定方法对链格孢菌代谢产物的抑菌活性进行了研究.结果表明:链格孢菌不同极性代谢产物对小麦赤霉病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、油菜菌核病菌、烟草灰霉病菌及杨树溃疡病菌5种植物病原真菌产生不同程度的抑制作用,乙酸乙酯相的抑制作用最强,正丁醇相次之;乙酸乙酯相含量为800 μg·mL1时,其代谢产物对5种病原真菌的抑制率分别...     

Physiological and Molecular Response of Wheat Roots to Nitrate Supply in Seedling Stage

The objective of this study was to understand the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of wheat roots to nitrate supply at seedling stage. Two wheat genotypes, Jimai 22 and Shannong 15, were grown in Hoagland's nutrient solution with different nitrate levels at seedling stage. Results indicated that the plant dry weight and N accumulation increased with the increase of nitrate supply. The number of axial root, total uptake area (TUA), and active uptake area (AUA) increased with more nitrate supply. Correlation analysis indicated that significant positive correlations existed between N accumulation and dry weight, N accumulation and AUA, and N accumulation and AUA/TUA. Although, the expressions ofNRT2.1, NRT2.2, and NRT2.3 decreased with nitrate supply increased, the expressions of NRTI, NRT2.1,and NRT2.3 could maintain high level at N3 treatment. The free amino acid and NO3- content in shoot also increased with the increased nitrate application, but no significant difference was found in root among the treatments. These results implied that the increase of N uptake by nitrate supply was due to the morphological and physiological responses of wheat roots and the high expression level of TaNRT genes. Similarly, the contribution of morphological, physiological,and molecular parameters was different between two genotypes of wheat.     

Assessment of nematicidal properties and phytochemical screening of neem seed formulations using Radopholus similis, parasitic nematode of plantain in Cameroon

Phytoparasitic nematodes of banana and plantain make one of the major constraints to sustainable banana and plantain production. The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, common in Cameroon is of particular importance where most smallholder farmers are unaware of this “hidden enemy”. In intensive plantain plantations, nematicides are often used as a primary means of control. Despite their efficacy, chemical pesticides are harmful to the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to assess the nematicidal properties of four neem seed formulations (raw neem seed powder (NSP); organic, watery and essential oil extracts) and to determine the phytochemical properties of these extracts. Alkaloids, saponins, triterpens and steroids were found in all three extracts, tannins in the organic and essential oils extracts and phenols only in the essential oils extract. Using five different concentrations of each of the three extracts as well as NSP, the nematicidal properties of all four formulations was confirmed. The NSP killed 100% of all nematodes at the lowest concentration tested, 10 μg ml⁻¹, after 48 h. The in vivo test using two plantain varieties, Essong and Big Ebanga showed that all neem seed formulations increased plant growth and reduced nematode populations significantly when compared with the control. Since NSP seems to perform as well or even better than the extracts, it could provide farmers with a simple, low cost alternative for the control of banana and plantain nematodes.     

Tissue composition,blood biochemistry and histology of digestive organs in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles fed diets containing different plant protein ingredients

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of diets with different plant protein ingredients on proximate composition, tissue metabolites and tissue fatty acid composition, as well as hepatic and intestinal histological modifications in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Fish (21.5 ± 2.8 g body weight) were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets during 11 weeks. A control diet containing fish meal as the main protein source was compared with five experimental diets replacing 30% fish meal protein by different plant protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), soybean protein isolate (SPI), wheat gluten meal (WGM) or pea protein concentrate (PPC). The inclusion of different plant protein did not significantly affect growth and proximate composition of fish. The hepatosomatic index was not significantly different to the control group; however, utilization of WGM significantly increased hepatocyte size. Plasma protein values and muscle triglycerides were influenced by the inclusion of SBM and WGM in the diets respectively. Feeding fish on SBM, WGM and PPC diets significantly enhanced n‐6 fatty acid levels in muscle, particularly linoleic acid. None of the plant protein ingredient used in the diets decreased arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic as well as docosahexaenoic acid values in liver and muscle. Overall, histological studies did not reveal the existence of any intestinal alterations induced by the inclusion of different plant proteins. Despite moderate changes produced by SBM, SPC and WGM, inclusion of dietary plant protein ingredients has no major impact on growth, tissue and blood biochemistry, fatty acid profile and gut integrity of Senegalese sole juveniles.     

单宁酸对红、绿色型豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响

为明确单宁酸对两种色型豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响,本研究采用豌豆蚜全纯人工饲料薄膜饲养技术,设置5组不同浓度的单宁酸,在适宜条件下分别饲养绿色型、红色型豌豆蚜,测定了豌豆蚜的存活率、产蚜量、相对日均体重增长率等指标。结果表明:单宁酸对两种生物型豌豆蚜的生长发育及繁殖有明显抑制作用,且对绿豌豆蚜的抑制作用明显大于红豌豆蚜。随着单宁酸浓度升高,两种色型豌豆蚜存活率、相对日均体重增长率均下降,5mg·L-1处理12天时绿色型豌豆蚜存活率、相对日均体重增长率分别为13.3±3.3%和0.20±0.01%,红色型分别为20.0±5.8%和0.19±0.00%,与CK间差异显著(P0.05);5mg·L-1时绿豌豆蚜产蚜量和产蚜率最低,分别为2.0±0.0头/单雌和6.7±3.3%,与CK间差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果可为次生代谢物质抗豌豆蚜的生化机理研究提供理论依据和技术支持。     

埃勒斯致病杆菌SN22发酵液中Xenorhabic acid的分离

从土壤中分离得到一株抗菌活性菌株,通过16SrDNA基因序列相似性和系统发育分析,发现该菌株为埃勒斯致病杆菌,并将其命名为埃勒斯致病杆菌SN22（Xenorhabdus ehlersii SN22）。利用硅胶柱层析结合凝胶柱层析技术,从埃勒斯致病杆菌SN22（X.ehlersii SN22）发酵液中分离得到化合物 1 ,通过核磁共振波谱、质谱及X-光单晶衍射技术分析,鉴定其为3-（环己-2-烯）丙烯酸。文献调研发现,该化合物为新的天然产物,命名为Xenorhabic acid。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了该化合物对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性;采用微量稀释法测定了其对病原细菌的最小抑制浓度。结果表明:其对向日葵菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和瓜果腐霉病菌Pythium aphanidermatum菌丝生长具有明显抑制作用,其EC₅₀值分别为27.99和29.55 μg/mL;对大肠埃希杆菌Escherichia coli的最小抑制浓度（MIC）为62.5 μg/mL。     

吡喹酮及其主要代谢产物在草鱼体内代谢动力学研究

[目的]研究吡喹酮及其主要代谢产物在草鱼体内的代谢动力学规律。[方法]运用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),研究淡水草鱼在单次口灌给药10 mg/kg剂量条件下,鱼体各组织中吡喹酮(PZQ)及吡喹酮一羟基代谢物(M1)的药动学差异。[结果]草鱼血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏内PZQ在各个时间点的药物浓度存在极显著差异(P0.01);PZQ在血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏的达峰时间分别为1.0、0.5、1.0和1.0 h,而药物峰浓度为0.41、0.45、0.72和0.44 mg/L,M1在血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏的达峰时间分别为48.0、0.5、6.0和48.0 h,而药物峰浓度为0.72、0.45、0.42和0.42 mg/g。这表明PZQ在草鱼体内吸收分布快,M1的达峰时间滞后于PZQ。二者达峰浓度相似表明M1是PZQ在草鱼体内主要代谢物。PZQ在血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏的消除半衰期(t_(1/2))分别为16.41、4.77、37.16和8.74 h,M1在血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏的消除半衰期(t_(1/2))分别为124、71、246和162 h,其消除半衰期明显比PZQ长,说明在鱼体中M1的残留时间比PZQ更长。[结论]在实际生产中,应注意对M1的检测。