Soil organic matter fractionation as a tool for predicting nitrogen mineralization in silty arable soils

After decades of searching for a practical method to estimate the N mineralization capacity of soil, there is still no consistent methodology. Indeed it is important to have practical methods to estimate soil nitrogen release for plant uptake and that should be appropriate, less time consuming, and cost effective for farmers. We fractionated soil organic matter (SOM) to assess different fractions of SOM as predictors for net N mineralization measured from repacked (disturbed) and intact (undisturbed) soil cores in 14 weeks of laboratory incubations. A soil set consisting of surface soil from 18 cereal and root‐cropped arable fields was physically fractionated into coarse and fine free particulate OM (coarse fPOM and fine fPOM), intra‐microaggregate particulate OM (iPOM) and silt and clay sized OM. The silt and clay sized OM was further chemically fractionated by oxidation with 6% NaOCl to isolate an oxidation‐resistant OM fraction, followed by extraction of mineral bound OM with 10% HF (HF‐res OM). Stepwise multiple linear regression yielded a significant relationship between the annual N mineralization (kg N/ha) from undisturbed soil and coarse fPOM N (kg N/ha), silt and clay N (kg N/ha) and its C:N ratio (R² = 0.80; P < 0.01). The relative annual N mineralization (% of soil N) from disturbed soils was related to coarse fPOM N, HF‐res OC (% of soil organic carbon) and its C:N ratio (R² = 0.83; P < 0.01). Physical fractions of SOM were thus found to be the most useful predictors for estimating the annual N mineralization rate of undisturbed soils. However, the bioavailability of physical fractions was changed due to the disturbance of soil. For disturbed soils, a presumed stable chemical SOM fraction was found to be a relevant predictor indicating that this fraction still contains bio‐available N. The latter prompted a revision in our reasoning behind selective oxidation and extraction as tools for characterizing soil organic N quality with respect to N availability. Nonetheless, the present study also underscores the potential of a combined physical and chemical fractionation procedure for isolating and quantifying N fractions which preferentially contribute to bulk soil N mineralization. The N content or C:N ratio of such fractions may be used to predict N mineralization in arable soils.     

黄土丘陵植被恢复区不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响

通过对比研究了山西吴起县植被恢复区不同植被类型的林草地和农田的土壤物理性质,包括土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤水稳性团粒结构。结果表明:不同植被类型的土壤容重为1.17~1.21 g/cm3,差异较小,但均比农田(1.31 g/cm3)低约11%,不同植被类型地各层土壤不同粒径的土壤团粒结构百分含量高于相应的天然草地和农田。实施植被修复后,与农田相比,林地土壤物理性质得到明显改善,混交林的土壤物理性质好于纯林林,天然草地和农田较差,天然草地略好于农田。     

套袋对陇东黄土高原富士苹果果皮特征及品质的影响

以“长富2号”苹果为试验材料，进行套袋处理，以不套袋为对照，系统定量研究套袋栽培对苹果果皮特征、果实外观及内在品质的影响。结果表明，苹果套袋后,果实角质膜明显变薄。表皮细胞的大小及排列方式、机械组织细胞的大小及排列方式均发生一定程度的变化。套袋处理显著提高了果实的外观品质，减少虫果率，但加重了日灼现象，同时对果实的内在品质有一定的负效应。与对照相比,套袋果实的硬度、可溶性固固形物和可滴定酸含量均有一定程度的下降,降幅分别达6.55%、8.71%、10.34%。     

基于APSIM模型的旱地小麦和豌豆水肥协同效应分析

为探索水肥协同作用对作物产量影响的机制和规律,在田间试验的基础上调试APSIM模型参数,并对模型进行检验,然后用该模型模拟近30多年来研究区的小麦/豌豆产量,并采用多元回归方法分析了施N量(X1)、生育期降水量(X2)和休闲期降水量(X3)对小麦/豌豆模拟产量的协同效应.结果表明,APSIM模型可以准确用来模拟小麦和豌...     

Calcium requirements for peanuts

Abstract

Surface soils from ten soil series representing five great groups were collected from Alaska. These soils were selected from the important agricultural areas covering a wide geographic distribution. These soils can be divided into two distinct groups based on their parent material: loess and volcanic ash. Phosphorus sorption maxima were calculated based on the Langmuir isotherms. The volcanic ash soils (Cryandept and Cryorthods) showed an average P‐sorption maxima of 10,122 mg/kg and loess soils averaged 3,934 mg/kg. Both groups have similar portions of phosphorus in the organic form (19%) and occluded form (8 to 9%). The nonoccluded‐P in the volcanic ash soils and the loess soils was 68% and 43% respectively, and the Calcium‐P was 4% and 29% respectively.

Regression analysis indicated that aluminum and iron are primarily responsible for P‐sorption. The dithionite extractable Al is responsible for P‐sorption in volcanic ash soils, while oxalate extractable Al is responsible for P‐sorption in loess soils. Dithionite and oxalate extractable Fe probably play a secondary role in P‐sorption. The sorption isotherm, regression analysis and the P‐fractionation data provide the agronomist with useful information to estimate P requirement of newly cleared soils.     

黄土丘陵区几种退耕还林地土壤固存碳氮效应

探讨了黄土丘陵区退耕10 a和30 a的柠条、刺槐、油松及侧柏林地0～60 cm不同土层有机碳、氮数量和分布的变化特征。结果表明：相比坡耕地,退耕还林10 a后,仅侧柏与油松林地各土层有机碳、氮含量和密度显著提升。退耕还林30 a与10 a相比,各土层有机碳含量增幅表现为侧柏＞油松＞刺槐＞柠条,总体0～60 cm土层碳固存速率分别达到1.06、0.71、0.43、0.36 mgC·hm-2·a-1;氮固存速率以刺槐最高,达到0.051 mgN·hm-2·a-1,其他还林地固存氮速率接近,为0.014～0.026 mgN·hm-2·a-1。30 a还林有机碳的增加主要来自0～20 cm土层,平均贡献达51.9%,而全氮增加除刺槐林地外,主要来自40～60 cm土层,平均贡献达42.5%。各还林地C/N仅在0～20 cm表层均有显著提高,但有机碳与氮均表现出显著的回归相关性。综上,长期退耕还林地能够固存碳氮,且以侧柏林地提升有机碳库较佳,而刺槐林地提升氮库较好。     

陇东地区黄土滑坡稳定性分析

在分析陇东地区地质环境背景的基础上,选择在坡度、坡高、滑坡体厚度等方面具有代表性的直线型、凸型、凹型和阶梯型黄土滑坡为计算模型,设定天然、饱水、地震和饱水+地震等4种工况,对不同类型、不同坡度、不同坡高、不同滑坡体厚度的黄土滑坡在各工况条件下的稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:从影响因素看,对滑坡稳定性影响最大的因素是坡度,其次是坡高;从工况条件看,诱发滑坡的主要因素是降雨入渗,其次是地震;从滑坡类型看,直线型滑坡稳定性相对较好,阶梯型滑坡和凸型滑坡次之,凹型滑坡稳定性最差。     

黄土丘陵区缓坡地不同土地利用方式的产流效应

探讨缓坡土地利用方式与水土流失之间的作用机制,对于黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理具有积极意义。利用中国科学院安塞水土保持综合试验站2009—2011年间小区定位监测数据,探讨缓坡谷子地(F)、柳枝稷地(S)、撂荒地(A)、2/3谷子-1/3柳枝稷地(FS)、2/3谷子-1/3撂荒地(FA)5种土地利用方式的产流效应,结果表明:1)缓坡谷子地(F)的径流量最大,受短历时高强度降雨影响显著;2)7月是产生径流的敏感时期;3)土地利用方式S、A、FS、FA与F相比,具有不同程度的减流效应,减流效应大小顺序为A>S>FA>FS;4)植被覆盖度的增加对减少缓坡产流量起到积极作用,但当降雨量、降雨强度较大时,植被覆盖削减径流的作用会被减弱。     

Condition of Quercus robur L. along a natural Luvisol microtoposequence on loess in Central Belgium

Abstract. This research aims to assess how the variability in soil morphology of Luvisols along a microtopographic sequence influences the condition of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ). The condition of 205 pedunculate oaks was observed during one growth season and related to morphological soil properties. Results show that the presence of a consolidated argillic B horizon or fragipan in Luvisols, has a negative influence on the condition of Q.robur .     

晋西黄土区坡面糙率的研究

坡面糙率是研究地表径流最为重要的参数之一,对坡面水文过程和土壤侵蚀过程模拟具有重要意义.该文采用野外实地冲刷水槽法,在测定不同地类地表糙率的基础上,研究了地表鲜草量、枯枝落叶量和地表硬度对地表糙率的影响,并探讨了地表糙率与地表径流泥沙含量的关系. 研究结果表明,不同地类地表糙率差异显著;地表糙率与鲜草量成线性关系;枯枝落叶对地表糙率的影响存在极值;地表糙率随土壤硬度的增加而减小,且成幂函数关系;地表径流的泥沙含量随地表糙率的增加而减小,二者成对数关系.