Zootechnical and physiological responses of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae reared in bioflocs and subjected to stress conditions during nursery phase

The objective of this study was to assess zootechnical and physiological performance of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL) reared in three environments (CW, clear water; B, biofloc; BS, biofloc with artificial substrates) at three stocking densities (300, 600, 900 PL/m³) for 8 weeks. At the end of experimentation, shrimp were subjected to hypoxia, and physiological response was again assessed. During rearing, low levels of total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite (NO₂^?) and nitrate (NO₃^?) were observed in B and BS for 600 and 900 PL/m³. For 300 PL/m³, a slight accumulation of NO₂^? and NO₃^? was detected. For the same stocking density, shrimp reared in B and BS showed significantly higher weights than those grown in CW, except for final weight. No significant differences were observed in survival. The use of biofloc and artificial substrates permitted doubling density from 300 to 600 PL/m³ without affecting growth, survival, feed conversion rate and obtaining twice the biomass. Shrimp grown in B and BS stored a surplus of glycogen and carbohydrates in their hepatopancreas, which probably gave them a better physiological capacity to counteract high‐stocking densities and hypoxia. A tendency of a higher adenylate energetic charge was observed in shrimp maintained in B and BS.     

饲料精氨酸水平对斜带石斑鱼蛋白质沉积和相关免疫基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中不同水平精氨酸对斜带石斑鱼蛋白质沉积和相关免疫基因表达的影响,实验配制7种等氮等脂的饲料,精氨酸浓度分别为2.13%、2.42%、2.71%、2.95%、3.20%、3.48%和3.74%。随机挑选健康的斜带石斑鱼[初始体质量(80.11±0.03) g]分成7组,每组设3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼,进行为期10周的养殖实验。结果显示,精氨酸浓度为2.71%组鱼体增重率和特定生长率显著高于2.13%和2.42%组,饲料系数显著低于2.13%组。2.71%组的蛋白质效率显著高于2.13%组和3.48%组,2.71%组的蛋白质沉积率与2.95%组无显著差异,显著大于其他组。以增重率为依据,经折线模型拟合得出,斜带石斑鱼对饲料中精氨酸的最适需求量为饲料的2.73%(饲料蛋白质的5.40%)。斜带石斑鱼血清胰岛素在3.20%组达到最大值,与3.48%组差异不显著,显著高于其他组。肌肉雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR) mRNA水平3.48%组显著高于2.13%、2.42%及2.71%组。2.42%组后肠b0,+AT基因表达量最高,显著高于其他各组。2.95%和3.20%组肾脏b~(0,+)AT基因表达量差异不显著,显著高于其他组。研究表明,适宜水平的饲料精氨酸可以刺激斜带石斑鱼胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)的分泌,进而促进蛋白质的合成;提高鱼体肠道、肾脏及肝脏相关免疫基因的表达,提高机体免疫力,促进鱼体生长。     

同位素示踪研究丛枝菌根真菌吸收不同氮素并向寄主植物输运的机理

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)是自然界中普遍存在的与植物共生的真菌[1]。目前人们对AM真菌的基础研究主要是着眼于与植物共生的生化代谢机理和信号机制、遗传学、建立共生关系相关基因的研究[2-8]。     

亚硝酸钠和精氨酸对白桦悬浮细胞中NO和三萜合成的影响

旨在分析亚硝酸钠和精氨酸处理12h后白桦悬浮细胞中一氧化氮（NO）和三萜含量的变化。在白桦悬浮细胞的生长末期添加硝酸还原酶（NR）和一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）的底物亚硝酸钠和精氨酸,采用比色法和荧光显微镜方法分析白桦悬浮体系中三萜含量和NO含量的变化。500μg/L和100μg/L的亚硝酸钠和精氨酸均促进了白桦悬浮细胞中NO和三萜的合成,其中500μg/L的亚硝酸钠和精氨酸促进作用最强。500μg/L亚硝酸钠处理下白桦细胞中的NO荧光强度和三萜含量均高于500μg/L精氨酸处理,其中三萜含量增加了1.5倍。将NR和NOS的抑制剂NaN3和L-NAME分别添加到亚硝酸钠和精氨酸处理的白桦悬浮体系中,发现亚硝酸钠和精氨酸对NO和三萜合成的促进作用被抑制了。NR和NOS来源途径的NO参与了白桦三萜的合成,可能NR来源途径的贡献大于NOS途径。     

Dietary arginine requirement of juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary arginine requirement for juvenile swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain graded arginine levels which ranged from 15.9 to 33.0 g kg^?1. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile swimming crabs (4.72 ± 0.12 g). The results indicated that dietary arginine had significant effects on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein productive value, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. Weight gain and SGR significantly increased with the dietary arginine increasing from 15.9 to 27.4 g kg^?1, while with the further increasing from 27.4 to 33.0 g kg^?1, WG and SGR did not increase significantly. Maximum arginine, proline and total essential amino acid contents in muscle were observed in 27.4 g kg^?1 group diet. The swimming crab fed the diet with lower dietary arginine level showed higher AST and lower ALT in the serum. Crab fed with the lower dietary arginine level had significantly lower ALT in the serum than the other groups. Haemolymph indexes were significantly affected by the dietary arginine level except for the cholesterol concentration, and the highest values were all found in 27.4 g kg^?1 group diet. The two slope broken‐line model using SGR showed that the optimal dietary arginine requirement was 27.7 g kg^?1 of the dry matter (56.0 g kg^?1 dietary protein) for juvenile swimming crab.     

精氨酸对畜禽营养调控及肠道屏障功能的影响研究进展

在畜禽体内,精氨酸是一种条件性必需氨基酸,参与多种营养物质的合成与代谢,同时对胃肠道的发育及功能有重要作用.肠道屏障功能是肠道主要生理功能之一,文章阐述了精氨酸对畜禽肠道屏障功能的重要作用;重点从Toll样受体途径等方面简述精氨酸对肠道免疫屏障的影响,为深入了解精氨酸在畜禽生产中的调节作用提供参考.     

Bioavailability of arginine from Indian mustard protein concentrate and meal compared with that of a soy protein concentrate in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchys mykiss)

Relative bioavailability (RBV) of arginine (Arg) from Indian mustard protein concentrate (IMC, 62% crude protein) and Indian mustard meal (IMM, 42% crude protein), and a commercially available soy protein concentrate (SPC, 57% crude protein) was compared with that of crystalline L‐arginine (L‐Arg) in rainbow trout. A basal diet highly deficient in Arg (1.23%) was formulated. Eight other isoproteic and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain ~1.35% and ~1.5% Arg by adding increasing amount of IMC, IMM, SPC and L‐Arg. The experimental diets were fed for 16 weeks using a standard protocol. Growth rate, weight gain (g fish^?1) and protein (PD, g fish^?1) and lipid (LD, g fish^?1) deposition were increased linearly with increasing level of Arg from all ingredients. Arg availability from protein‐bound sources were equal or higher than those from L‐Arg. RBV of Arg from IMC, IMM and SPC were ranged from 100% and 123% than that from L‐Arg (assumed as 100% bio‐available). Among the ingredients, only the RBV of Arg from IMC was significantly higher than those from SPC (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that the RBV of Arg from IMC and IMM are very good and comparable to that of the commercial SPC used in this study.     

饲料中添加精氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、免疫能力及消化酶活力的影响

为研究精氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、免疫能力及消化酶活力的影响,在基础饲料中添加0、1.00%、2.00%、3.00%和4.00%的包膜精氨酸(精氨酸含量为40%),配制精氨酸含量为0.32%、0.73%、1.16%、1.61%和1.99%的5种实验饲料(命名为D1,D2,D3,D4和D5),饲喂初始体质量9.10 g的仿刺参幼参60 d。结果表明,精氨酸显著提高了仿刺参的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率,且在D4组达到最高;D3、D4和D5组仿刺参的脏壁比、肠壁比及肠长比显著低于D1和D2组,但3组之间差异不显著;精氨酸显著提高了体壁粗蛋白的沉积,但对水分及粗脂肪含量影响不显著;精氨酸显著提高了体壁谷氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸、羟脯氨酸、必需氨基酸及总氨基酸的含量,降低了赖氨酸含量;体腔液中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)活力随着精氨酸含量的增加而显著提高;肠道蛋白酶活力与饲料精氨酸含量呈二次负相关关系(Y酶活=-3.228X2精氨酸+2.865X精氨酸+26.24,R2=0.934),D3、D4和D5组纤维素酶活力显著高于D1和D2组,淀粉酶及脂肪酶活力不受精氨酸含量的影响。以增重率为评价指标,一元二次回归分析表明,体质量9.10 g的仿刺参饲料中精氨酸适宜含量为1.55%(7.10%饲料粗蛋白)。     

Dietary arginine requirement of juvenile cobia ( Rachycentron canadum)

A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary requirement of arginine in juvenile cobia in indoor flow‐through and aerated aquaria. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels of arginine ranging from 1.76% to 3.75% (dry weight) at about 0.4% increments replaced by equal proportions of glycine. Survival was not significantly different among dietary treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) increased with increasing dietary arginine up to the 2.96% diet (P < 0.05), and thereafter declined. The whole body crude protein content was significantly affected by dietary arginine (P < 0.05), while moisture, crude lipid and ash showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. The essential amino acid contents of muscle were not significantly affected by dietary arginine. The serum nitric oxide synthase activities in fish fed diets with arginine from 2.18% to 3.75% were significantly higher than activities in fish fed the diet with 1.76% arginine (P < 0.05). On the basis of SGR and FER, the optimal dietary arginine requirements of juvenile cobia were estimated to be 2.85% of the diet (6.20% of dietary protein) and 2.82% of the diet (6.13% of dietary protein), respectively, using second‐order polynomial regression analysis.