甘蓝型油菜不同品种磷运转和再利用差异的研究

采用土壤盆栽试验定量测定并计算4个有代表性的甘蓝型油菜品种（97029、97073、97081、97105）在苗期、蕾期、花期、结角期和成熟期的磷运转和再利用情况，以期揭示磷高效的营养机制。结果表明，所有参试品种在磷的运转和再分配方面都体现了“顶端优势”，磷向生长中心运转和再分配最为活跃，但不同品种在不同生育时期存在明显的阶段性差异。苗期缺磷对地上部的影响比对地下部大，磷高效品种97081苗期和蕾期根系具有较强的磷吸收能力，磷累积量大，但输出率较小，对磷的再利用程度较小；花期耐低磷的适应性反应转为增强再利用，养分开始向生长中心运转；结角期叶片贮备养分比例较大，生长后劲足；成熟期养分向生长中心转移彻底，使有限的磷发挥了最大效能。     

施氮量对稻茬麦土壤速效磷质量分数及磷素平衡的影响

以宁麦9号和豫麦34为材料,研究施氮量(0、75、150、225、300kg·hm-2)对土壤速效磷质量分数变化、植株磷素吸收、土壤磷素平衡的影响。结果表明,各处理植株磷素吸收均以拔节至开花期为积累高峰期,且随施氮量增加,磷素吸收呈先增后降的趋势,以N225处理最高。磷肥施用显著提高0~40cm土层速效磷质量分数,随施氮量的增加,土壤速效磷质量分数呈降低趋势。土壤-小麦系统磷素平衡呈明显的阶段性,播种至拔节期磷素出现大量的盈余,拔节至成熟期磷素出现不同程度的表观亏缺。在全生育期,2品种磷素表观盈余量均以N225处理最低,N0处理最高。综合考虑小麦产量和磷素平衡特征,宁麦9号和豫麦34在105kg·hm-2的施磷量基础上可分别再降低P2O5用量7kg·hm-2和10kg·hm-2,配施225kg·hm-2施氮量,能够获得较高的小麦产量并减少磷素损失。     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

海链藻对氮磷需求量的研究

本实验初步研究了海链藻对氮磷的需求，研究结果表明：以等摩尔氮的NH4Cl、NaNO，和NFLNO3作为氮源时，选择NH4NO3为氮源可以获得较快的生长率并维持较长时间的指数生长期；氮源浓度的最适范围在0．54-1．08mmol／L之间。而2．16mmol／L以上的高浓度NH4NO3则对海链藻的生长有一定的抑制作用；在不同磷浓度(0．015-0．12mmol／L)的条件下，海链藻保持大致相同的生长速率。     

Determining design parameters for recovery of aquaculture wastewater using sand beds

Design information for the use of sand beds to remove suspended solids from wastewater discharged from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) was developed. Wastewater from a commercial RAS tilapia farm with 2% total solids and 1.6% total suspended solids (TSS) was applied to sand columns to determine infiltration rates and phosphorus capture. Various hydraulic loading rates and drying periods between application events were evaluated. Infiltration rates stabilized after five application events to 3.5 cm/day (S.D.=1.7). Practically, all suspended solids were captured at the top of the columns, creating the primary resistance to infiltration. Concrete sand removed approximately 93% of the soluble phosphorous in the wastewater and wollastonite, an economical aggregate alternative to sand, removed at least 98%. A modified Darcy equation is presented to predict infiltration based upon TSS and the number of sequential applications.     

养分缺乏下外源有机酸对暗棕壤磷有效性及落叶松幼苗吸收积累磷的影响(英文)

用不同比例A1和B层暗棕壤混合(A1∶B=1∶2)制造土壤养分缺乏条件,栽植落叶松幼苗,通过模拟我国东北林区代表性森林凋落物淋洗液中有机酸的种类和数量,系统研究养分缺乏下,不同浓度外源有机酸对暗棕壤磷有效性和落叶松幼苗吸收运输磷素养分的影响及机理。结果表明,A1层与B层混合土壤速效磷含量降低,落叶松幼苗根系和叶片磷累积量和磷吸收效率降低,但磷利用效率增加。外源有机酸处理后,混合土壤的速效磷含量有不同程度提高,3种有机酸的作用强弱表现为琥珀酸柠檬酸草酸,一般以浓度5.0 mmol/L和处理20 d时提高效果最显著。有机酸不同程度提高了根系和叶片的磷累积量和磷吸收效率,但降低了磷利用效率。有机酸对磷累积量和磷吸收效率的提高程度因处理时间、有机酸浓度和种类而异:对于根系,20和30 d的结果高于10 d,叶片则10和20 d的结果高于30 d,说明处理前期磷被吸收后向叶片的转移量较多,而后期则更多地在根中积累;3种有机酸大多在10.0 mmol/L提高幅度最大;不同有机酸的促进程度为琥珀酸柠檬酸草酸。     

Characterizing Constituents of Sediment Phosphorus Fractionation in a Freshwater Shallow Lake System

[Objective] This study aimed to characterize constituents of phosphorus(P)fractionation as well as reciprocities among factors in sediments of a freshwater shallow lake. [Method] Surface sediment was discretely sampled at 24 sites through Van Veen grabs. Based on a modified sequential extraction scheme, P fractionation was determined as Fe/Al bound P(Fe/Al-P), Ca bound P(Ca-P), solute and reductive P(S/R-P) and organic P(OP). Curve estimation and Pearson product-moment correlation were employed for statistical analysis. [Result] Total P(TP) content ranged from 443 to 774 mg/kg. Inorganic P(IP) was the major component of TP,of which Ca-P was dominated with an average of 51%±9.7%. Average contents of P fractionation were in the following order: Ca-P(51%) OP(29%) S/R-P(8%) Fe/Al-P(7%). The molar ratio of Fe to P was 11- 20, close to the threshold value of P leaching. [Conclusion] In freshwater shallow lakes, IP and Ca-P were prone to be relatively high, whereas Fe/Al-P was low compared with deep lakes. Occurrence of spatially monotonic gradient indicated the primary causation of anthropogenic sources. Imminent sediment P liberation was also expected. Close associations among TP, Fe/Al-P and Ca-P, implying that anthropogenic P was mainly bound to metals in particulates. Significant correlations of TOC and P fractionation highlighted endogenous mechanism and authigenic origin in sediments.     

水分胁迫条件下玉米鲁单818植株体内磷素循环及磷钙关系研究

以玉米杂交种鲁单818(LD818)为试材,采用石英砂盆栽方法,研究了LD818植株体内磷素循环及磷钙关系。结果表明,水分胁迫显著影响玉米株高、茎粗及叶面积,LD818的株高、茎粗和叶面积较正常条件下分别降低5.37%、26.14%和7.66%,其各器官的干重、磷含量和磷素循环较正常条件下均降低;水分胁迫10 d后LD818整株干重是正常条件下的87.5%,上部叶磷积累量是正常条件下的51.3%,木质部和韧皮部中运输的磷分别是正常条件下的22.0%和39.8%。这说明水分胁迫降低玉米植株生长、干物质积累、各器官磷素的积累及木质部韧皮部中磷的运输,而促进中下部叶中磷素向上部叶的运移。     

铝毒和低磷胁迫对水稻幼苗生长·根系有机酸分泌的影响

[目的]为明确低磷、铝毒单独及复合胁迫下,不同水稻品种生理响应的差异。[方法]采用营养液培养试验,以秀水132(耐铝型)和甬优8号(铝敏感型)为材料,研究了各胁迫下幼苗干物质积累、光合能力和根系有机酸分泌量。[结果]低磷、铝毒胁迫下根系和地上部干重、叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著下降。低磷铝毒复合胁迫下幼苗干重及光合参数值均显著低于单一胁迫处理;酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和乙酸是根系各处理下分泌的主要有机酸。低磷、铝毒胁迫下根系乙酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸分泌量增加,复合胁迫时根系3种有机酸的分泌量高于单一胁迫处理。低磷、铝毒胁迫下水稻幼苗干重、光合能力及根系有机酸分泌存在显著的基因型差异。各胁迫下甬优8号植株干重和光合参数的下降幅度高于秀水132,而秀水132根系有机酸分泌量的增幅大于甬优8号。[结论]低磷铝毒复合胁迫引发水稻幼苗更严重的生理代谢抑制,以甬优8号表现更明显;复合胁迫下根系有机酸分泌量高于单一胁迫,以秀水132增幅更大。