氮、磷对胡桃楸幼苗根系生长的影响

采用沙培方法,在温室中研究了氮和磷对胡桃楸幼苗根系、叶和当年高生长的影响。结果表明,氮和磷均能影响细根的生长。尤其是磷对提高细根生物量具有明显的作用。     

Untersuchungen zum p-fixierungsverhalten sächsischer verwitterungsböden auf metamorphen gesteinen

Sächsische Verwitterungsböden auf metamorphen Gesteinen wie Gneisen, Glimmerschiefern und Phylliten zeigen ein unterschiedliches P-Fixierungsverhalten. Während die untersuchten Verwitterungsböden auf Gneis und Glimmerschiefer mit Quotienten P-HCl / P-DL ?10 als stark P-fixierend angesehen werden können, sind die Verwitterungsböden auf Phyllit mit Quotienten P-HCl / P-DL <10 als gering P-fixierend einzustufen. Ursache für das unterschiedliche P-Fixierungsverhalten könnte u.a. das Ausmass vorhandener Defektstellen in den Kristallgittern der Bodenminerale sein, das von der differenten Verwitterbarkeit der Bodenminerale und den resultierenden Verwitterungsintensitäten der vorhandenen Bodenminerale abhängig ist. Die Verwitterungsintensitäten ergeben sich, neben klimatischen Einflüssen, aus den verschiedenen Kristallstruktur- und Bindungsverhältnissen der Bodenminerale, die wiederum von den Entstehungsbedingungen der verwitternden Gesteine, ihren Textur- und Strukturverhältnissen abhängig sind. Weathering soils of Saxonia (Germany) from the metamorphic rocks gneiss, mica-slate, and phyllite show a different behaviour of P-fixation. While the investigated weathering soils from gneiss and mica-slate can be seen as strongly fixated with quotients of P-HCl/P-DL (double lactate soluble phosphate) ?10, the P-fixation of weathering soils from phyllite is characterized by small intensities with quotients of P-HCl/P-DL<10. The different behaviour of P-fixation can be caused for instance by the amount of defect places at crystal lattices of soil minerals, which is dependent on different ability of weathering by soil minerals, and their resulting different intensities of weathering. The different weathering intensities of soil minerals can be explained by different crystal structures, connecting proportions at soil minerals, and by the conditions of origin of weathering rocks, by the textural and structural conditions of the rocks and last but not least by climatic influences.     

Phosphorus uptake and use efficiency in different varieties of bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum L)

Thirty spring wheat varieties were evaluated and classified into eight different groups on the basis of their grain yield performance and phosphorus (P) uptake using Metroglyph analysis. Significant variability was observed for grain and biomass yield, plant height, P content in grain and straw, total P uptake and phosphorus harvest index and P use efficiency traits. Varieties WH 711 and PBW 343 exhibited high grain yield as well as high P uptake (HGY-HP). WH 283 and UP 2425 with high index score of 19 and 16 respectively, constituted the high grain yield-medium P uptake (HGYMP) group. Both these varieties, though had similar grain yield of 5348 kg/ha, but WH 283 (12.64 kg/ha) utilized much lower P as compared to UP 2425 (16.94 kg/ha). Moreover, WH 283 (81.64) also showed higher values for phosphorus harvest index (PHI) than UP 2425 (67.88%). P uptake of WH 283 was comparable with that of Raj 3765 (10.78 kg/ha) and grouped into high grain yield and low P uptake (HGY-LP) group. The grain yield performance of these two varieties with a relatively low P uptake is reflected in their high index score for P use efficiency thus, earmarking them for low P regimes. Variety HW 2006, despite low grain yields of 4665 kg/ha had high index score of 16 due to its higher value for Phosphorus Biological (PBER) and Economic Yield (PEER) Efficiency Ratio as it has effected least (7.18 kg/ha) P mobilization. In addition high P translocation in the grain was also observed for this variety. Inter-mating of genotypes like HW 2006, UP 2338 and HW 2016 with those belonging to HGY-HP (PBW 343 and WH 711) and HGY-LP (Raj 3765 and WH 283) would be an ideal strategy to develop the cultivars for efficient phosphorus use.     

长期施肥条件下灰漠土磷的吸附与解吸特征

通过等温吸附与解吸试验,研究了长期施肥条件下不同磷素含量水平的灰漠土耕层0~20 cm土壤磷素吸附与解吸特征。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,不同Olsen-P水平的灰漠土土壤,随外源磷量的增加,磷的吸附量、解吸量及解吸率均逐渐增大,吸附率逐渐减小。土壤Olsen-P含量水平与土壤磷素吸附饱和度（DPS）的大小呈正相关关系。处理间比较,土壤最大吸附量（Xm）值为CK>NPK≈NPKM>PK≈NPKS、且处理间达到极显著差异水平;NPK处理的吸附常数（K）值与土壤最大缓冲容量（MBC）值均极显著地大于CK、PK、NPKM和NPKS处理。该4个处理间比较：K值无显著差异,MBC值CK极显著大于PK和NPKS处理、CK与NPKM、PK与NPKS处理间差异不显著。化肥配施有机肥或秸秆的处理土壤易解吸磷（RDP）值极显著大于单施化肥的处理,释磷效果以化肥有机肥配施为最优。     

Influences of ultra‐violet (UV)‐blue light radiation on the growth of cotton. I. Effect on iron nutrition and iron stress response

Cool white fluorescent (CWF) light reduces Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ while low pressure sodium (LPS) light does not. Cotton plants grown under CWF light are green, while those yrown under LPS light develop a chlorosis very similar to the chlorosis that develops when the plants are deficient in iron (Fe). It could be that CWF light (which has ultra violet) makes iron more available for plant use by maintaining more Fe²⁺ in the plant. Two of the factors commonly induced by Fe‐stress in dicotyledonous plants‐‐hydroyen ions and reductants released by the roots‐‐were measured as indicators of the Fe‐deficiency stress response mechanism in M8 cotton.

The plants were grown under LPS and CWF light in nutrient solutions containing either NO₃‐N or NH₄‐N as the source of nitrogen, and also in a fertilized alkaline soil. Leaf chlorophyll concentration varied significantly in plants grown under the two light sources as follows: CWF+Fe > LPS+Fe > CWF‐Fe ≥ LPS‐Fe. The leaf nitrate and root Fe concentrations were significantly greater and leaf Fe was generally lower in plants grown under LPS than CWF light. Hydrogen ions were extruded by Fe‐deficiency stressed roots grown under either LPS or CWF light, but “reductants”; were extruded only by the plants grown under CWF light. In tests demonstrating the ability of light to reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ in solutions, enough ultra violet penetrated the chlorotic leaf of LPS yrown plants to reduce some Fe³⁺ in a beaker below, but no reduction was evident through a yreen CWF grown leaf.

The chlorosis that developed in these cotton plants appeared to be induced by a response to the source of liyht and not by the fertilizer added. It seems possible that ultra violet liyht could affect the reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ in leaves and thus control the availability of this iron to biological systems requiring iron in the plant.     

Mineral Composition and Dry Mass Production of Corn Plants Affected by Different Phosphate Sources and Different Soil Aluminum Saturation Levels

Abstract

The effects of different commercial phosphate fertilizers [Triple superphosphate (TSP), Tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and ARAD rock phosphate) and soil aluminum (Al) saturation (86, 29, and 0%) on the mineral composition and dry mass production of corn (Zea mays) plants were studied. As soil Al saturation values decreased, pH, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) levels in the soil increased. High Ca values in the shoot resulted in the reduction in potassium (K) concentrations. The high values of P availability in the soil for the ARAD source of P did not correspond to the high values of dry mass production of corn plants. The high values of corn mass production were noticed for the TSP phosphate source, and the mass productions values were reduced as the soil Al saturation values increased.     

长期施肥条件下灰漠土磷的吸附与解吸特征

通过等温吸附与解吸试验,研究了长期施肥条件下不同水平的灰漠土耕层0～ 20 cm土壤磷素吸附与解吸特征.结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,不同Olsen-P水平的灰漠土土壤,随外源磷量的增加,磷的吸附量、解吸量及解吸率均逐渐增大,吸附率逐渐减小.土壤Olsen-P含最水平与土壤磷素吸附饱和度(DPS)的大小呈正相关关系.处理间比较,土壤最大吸附量(Xm)值为CK＞ NPK≈NPKM＞ PK≈NPKS、且处理间达到极显著差异水平;NPK处理的吸附常数(K)值与土壤最大缓冲容量(MBC)值均极显著地大于CK、PK、NPKM和NPKS处理.该4个处理间比较:K值无显著差异,MBC值CK极显著大于PK和NPKS处理、CK与NPKM、PK与NPKS处理间差异不显著.化肥配施有机肥或秸秆的处理土壤易解吸磷(RDP)值极显著大于单施化肥的处理,释磷效果以化肥有机肥配施为最优.     

杂交茎瘤芥需肥规律研究

用分期取样、化验分析、模型拟合的方法,研究了杂交茎瘤芥干物质积累过程以及生长过程中对氮、磷、钾三大元素的吸收规律.结果表明,杂交茎瘤芥干物质积累和对氮、磷、钾的吸收均符合Logistic生长曲线.以茎瘤芥对养分的吸收规律为依据,研究其需肥特性,结果表明,杂交茎瘤芥目标产量若为3 500kg/667 m2,需纯氯33.56 kg、磷(p2O5)7.63 kg、钾(K2O)25.47 kg,其比例为1:0.23:0.76.     

Models to quantify excretion of dry matter,nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in growing pigs fed regional diets

Modern pig production contributes to many environmental problems that relate to manure, especially in areas with highly intensive production systems and in regions like Asia where the regulative control is not effective. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use three different pig diets varying in dietary protein, fibre and fat as representative for Danish (DK), Thai (TH) and Vietnamese (VN) pig production to develop and evaluate different approaches to predict/calculate excretion from growing pigs in comparison with the experimentally determined values.Nine female growing pigs were used in a digestibility and balance experiment. Excretion of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) of the experimental diets were determined.Due to the highest dietary fibre content, VN had the lowest digestibility of N, P and C (73, 49, and 73%, respectively) compared with the DK and TH pig diets. From the known diet composition using standard table values on chemical and nutrient digestibly, high accuracy (bias) and low variation was found and the results could be used for prediction on chemical composition and excretion in faeces and urine in growing pigs. Calculation based on standard values regarding nutrient retention in the pig body as used in the Danish manure normative system (DMNS) showed likewise to be quite useful for quantifying the total excretion of N and P.Overall, the results demonstrate that simple models that require cheap and normally available information on dietary nutrients can give useful information on nutrient excretion in growing pigs.     

不同浓度磷对甘草生长及药用成分的影响

为明确适合甘草的供磷浓度,以乌拉尔甘草幼苗为材料,采用溶液培养的方法,用不同浓度磷培养甘草后,通过比较其地下、地上生长量、甘草的光合性能及药用成分含量等研究不同浓度磷对甘草生长及药用成分的影响。结果表明:在磷浓度为0.05~0.35 mmol/L时,甘草根长、根平均直径、根干质量及地上部分生长量等均随着供磷量的增加而增大;当供磷量大于0.35 mmol/L时,会造成地上部分徒长,地下部分生长受抑制;少量供磷（0.05 mmol/L)比不供磷对甘草生长的抑制作用更大。甘草酸和甘草黄酮在磷浓度为0.15 mmol/L、甘草多糖为0.30 mmol/L时相对含量最高。可见,磷浓度为0.35 mmol/L时,最有利于甘草后期的生长发育及产量提高。