基于修正的Gash模型模拟小兴安岭原始红松林降雨截留过程

原始红松林是我国小兴安岭地区的顶级植物群落,理解它的降雨截留过程,对区域生态、水文环境具有重要意义.采用定位研究法,于2010-2011年21场降雨数据对原始红松林的降雨截留和分配效应进行系统研究,并结合当地的气象和林分资料,利用修正的Gash模型对小兴安岭原始红松林进行林冠截留模拟.该模型对穿透雨、树干茎流、截留量的模拟值分别为:370.91、16.14、130.07 mm.穿透雨模拟值比实测值低2.28 mm,相对误差1.75％,树干茎流模拟值高于实测值8.12 mm,相对误差50.3％,林冠截留量模拟值比实测值低2.35 mm,相对误差为1.81％.穿透雨和林冠截留量的模拟值和实测值有较好的一致性,树干茎流的模拟值和实测值相差较大.综合结果表明:修正的Gash模型对小兴安岭地区原始红松林降雨截留拟合具有很好的适用性.     

浑河上游典型水源涵养林降雨再分配过程

为明确浑河上游典型水源涵养林的降雨再分配过程,以浑河上游地区5种典型水源涵养林(红松人工林、落叶松人工林、红松混交林、落叶松混交林、阔叶混交林)为研究对象,应用自记式观测记录仪,分析不同林型林冠层对降水再分配过程(穿透雨、树干茎流、林冠截留)的影响。结果表明:各林型穿透雨量(率)、树干茎流量(率)、林冠截留量均随林外降雨量增加而增大;穿透雨量、树干茎流量、林冠截留量均与林外降雨量呈显著的线性正相关;各林型穿透雨率、树干茎流率与林外降雨量呈显著的对数函数关系;红松混交林、落叶松混交林的树干茎流率(32.12%,15.44%)均高于阔叶混交林与红松、落叶松人工林,红松、落叶松人工林的林冠截留能力(80.66%,77.47%)高于阔叶混交林、针阔混交林。该结果为浑河上游地区水源涵养林的最优空间结构配置与经营管理提供科学依据。     

不同降雨量下的毛竹林冠截留、透流及干流动态过程研究

 通过比较毛竹林降雨的林冠截留动态过程发现,当小雨量时,林冠截留曲线与林外降雨曲线吻合;当中、大雨量时,在降雨的中后期林冠截留曲线偏离林外降雨曲线,林冠截留量近乎为零。在林冠截留达到饱和的条件下,会出现截留量是负数情况;透流、干流形成和结束时间都晚于林外降雨,它们的波峰和波谷一般滞后林外降雨,透流雨相对于林外降雨振动频率低,平均振幅也较小,不同降雨量下的动态累计透流率和干流率随时间变化以多项式拟合效果较好     

科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛降雨截留特征研究

本研究于2009年6-9月,在科尔沁沙地选择主要固沙灌木——小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,通过对该灌丛的穿透雨和树干茎流的观测,确定了截留量、穿透雨量和茎流量在降雨分配中的比例,分析了降雨量和降雨强度对该灌丛的降雨截留量、穿透量的影响。试验期间,完整观测了穿透雨和茎流量的降雨总共为103.1mm,其中的穿透雨量、茎流量和截留量分别为73.1,4.1和25.9mm,分别占降雨的百分比为70.9%,4.0%和25.1%。回归分析表明该灌丛的穿透雨量、树干茎流量和截留量都与降雨量呈正相关关系,而穿透百分比和截留百分比则与降雨量的指数函数拟合较好;穿透百分比与1h最大降雨强度呈指数相关关系,而截留百分比和1h最大降雨强度与幂函数拟合较好。     

武夷山甜槠常绿阔叶林林分降水分量特征

2004年对武夷山甜槠林不同水文分量定位观测,探讨甜槠林森林水文与降水的关系 .结果表明:1)2004年共发生降水219次,年降水量1 767.4 mm,穿透水、茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1 304.9、245.0和217.5 mm;穿透率、茎流率和截留率分别为73.8%、 13.9%和12.3%;2)同次降水中,林内不同位置的穿透雨量差异显著,穿透水量与大气降水量之间存在明显的线性关系;3)随着胸径的增加,茎流量减小,形成茎流的时间推迟;4)当降水量<202.1 mm时,林冠截留量随着降水量的增加而增加;当降水量超过202.1 mm后,林冠截留量趋于定值52.5 mm.     

河岸缓冲带硬头黄竹人工林对降水再分配及氮、磷养分的影响

观测了河岸缓冲带硬头黄竹人工林群落2008年1个观测年的大气降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量,并对其取样进行氮、磷养分分析。结果表明：全年降雨量为973.3 mm,穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别为586.0、71.7 mm,占同期降雨量的60.2%、7.4%。以24组不同雨量级数据用线性方程拟合林外降雨量与穿透雨量和树干茎流量间的关系,穿透雨和树干茎流的养分浓度与降雨量呈负相关,表现出明显的季节性变化。全年向林地内输入总氮59.543 kg/hm2,其中NH4＋、NO3-和NO2-的养分含量分别为35.010、20.461、1.423 kg/hm2;输入总磷0.230 kg/hm2,其中PO43-养分含量0.123 kg/hm2,穿透雨和树干茎流带来的养分对竹林的生长和养分循环有重要的生态意义。     

竹林养分循环 Ⅱ.毛竹林内降水的养分输入及其林地迳流的养分输出

在我国亚热带毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H.de Lehaie)主要产区浙、赣两省的三块试验林中对毛竹林内降水的养分输入及其小流域迳流的养分输出进行了连续四年的观察研究。结果表明,林内降水中的养分物质浓度及其输入量的季节变化明显,且与林内降水量的季节变化密切相关。林内降水中各养分物质的浓度及输入量依大小顺序列为K~+>Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)>NH_4~+-N>NO_3~--N>PO_4~(3-)。迳流水养分输出量的季节变化动态与迳流水量的季节增减趋势相一致,其养分物质浓度及输出量高低顺序为K~+>Mg~(2+)>速效N>PO_4~(3-)。除作为养分移动载体的林内降水及迳流水外,毛竹生长发育特性、土壤生物活动及施肥、抚育等人力措施亦对毛竹林生态系统的养分输入与输出产生影响。文中建立了浙江省庙山坞试验林林内降水中养分元素钾的年输入量GM(1,1)预测模型。     

Spatial variability of throughfall in a Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantation in northern China

The interception of rainfall by vegetation and the subsequent evaporation of intercepted water from the canopy surface play an important role in hydrological processes, and the water and energy balance of forest ecosystems. Spatial variability of interception has different effects on water yield from watersheds located in different climatic and biome regions. In order to explain the spatial patterns of interception, we adopted grid-sampling method to install rain-gauges to measure throughfall. Results show that the coefficient of variation (Cv) of throughfall tends to decline as rain intensity increases. After the canopy is saturated, Cv of throughfall remained at a constant value, which is close to the Cv of the canopy leaf area index (LAI) value 0.18. Thus, the Cv of LAI is regarded as the extremum of that of throughfall. Because of the special characteristic of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), and the lower droopy branches, negative values for interception account for only 13% of the total samples. Furthermore, the max is above 70% of gross rainfall. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(3): 26–30 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

Throughfall,stemflow and interception loss in a mixed white oak forest (Quercus serrata Thunb.)

Throughfall and stemflow measurements in a 60-year-old white oak stand (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out during two periods totalling eleven months, from August to November 1993 and from May to November 1994, in order to clarify the rainfall partitioning of this forest. Troughs and spiral-type stemflow gauges connected to tipping bucket-gauges were used for throughfall and stemflow measurements. Seventy-five storms were analyzed individually. Coefficients of variation for throughfall and stemflow ranged between 5–25% and 20–70% respectively. Partitioning of net rainfall in throughfall and stemflow represent 72% and 10% of the gross rainfall respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine the stemflow variability. In was determined that maximum rain intensity was highly correlated with stemflow and this variable explained a further 5.5% of the stemflow variation. Estimates of averaged lag time and drainage after rain cease for stemflow were 290 and 164 min, while estimates for throughfall were 60 and 104 min. respectively. The canopy saturation was estimated from continuous storms and showed a value of 0.6 mm. The trunk storage capacity was estimated at a value of 0.2 mm. The interception loss from the forest canopy was estimated in 18%. Interception loss was heighly correlated with rainfall characteristics such as duration and intensity.