Spatial variability of throughfall in a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation forest in Loess Plateau,China

Throughfall varies in space, which complicates measurements and makes it difficult to achieve accurate spatial representation. In the present research, we measured gross rainfall and throughfall from May 2011 to September 2012, leaf area index, and locations of trees within a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation forest in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. The spatial heterogeneity of throughfall and related factors, as well as the minimum number and locations of collectors needed to measure throughfall accurately, were analyzed by statistical techniques. The results indicated that the throughfall was concentrated at the canopy edge, indicating that the edge of the canopy of P. tabulaeformis had a convergence effect on throughfall. The analysis of semivariance of throughfall demonstrated that canopy structure was a key factor influencing spatial variation of throughfall in low rainfall events, but measurement errors and other nonspatial variables were the primary factors affecting the variation of throughfall in high rainfall events. Based on the mean throughfall at different proportions of canopy radius centered on the individual tree stem, the minimum number and locations of collectors needed to accurately measure throughfall was estimated. In this study, four rain collectors (diameter 20?cm) at the 3/5 canopy radius could reasonably represent the average throughfall under the individual P. tabulaeformis canopy.     

Transfer characteristics of nutrient elements through hydrological process of a Pinus tabulaeformis stand in the West Mountain of Beijing

Forest precipitation chemistry is a major issue in forest hydrology and forest ecology. Chemical contents in precipitation change significantly when different kinds of external chemical materials are added, removed, translocated and transformed to or in the forest ecosystem along with precipitation. The chemistry of precipitation was monitored and analyzed in a 31-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the West Mountain of Beijing. Movement patterns of nutrient elements in hydrological processes can be discovered by studying this monitored data. Also, the information is useful for diagnosing the function of ecosystems and evaluating the impact of the environment on the ecosystem. Samples of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were collected on the site. In the lab, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were analyzed by flame atomic absorption and K⁺ and Na⁺ by flame emission. NH₄ ⁺-N was analyzed by indophenol blue colorimetry and NO₃ ⁻-N was analyzed by phenoldisulfonic acid colorimetry. The results showed that: 1) The concentration gradient of nutrient elements clearly changed except for Na⁺. The nutrients in stemflow were significantly higher than those of throughfall and rainfall as the precipitation passed through the P. tabulaeformis forest. The monthly patterns showed distinct differentiation. There are indications that a large amount of nutrients was leached from the canopy, which is a critical function of intra-ecosystem nutrient cycling to improve the efficiency of nutrient use. 2) The concentrations of NO₃ ⁻-N and K⁺ changed more than those of the other nutrient elements. The concentration of NO₃ ⁻-N in throughfall and stemflow was 4.4 times and 9.9 times higher than those in rainfall, respectively. The concentration of K⁺ in throughfall and stemflow was 4.1 times and 8.1 times higher than those in rainfall, respectively. 3) The leaching of nutrient elements from the stand was an important aspect of nutrient return to the P. tabulaeformis forest, which returned a total amount of nutrient of 54.1 kg/hm², with the contribution of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ much greater than that of other elements. Also, K⁺ was the most active element in leaching intensity. 4) Nutrient input through precipitation was the main source in the West Mountain of Beijing and the amount of nutrient added was 66.4 kg/hm², of which Ca²⁺ and N contributed much more than the other nutrient elements. When precipitation passes through the P. tabulaeformis forest, 121 kg/hm² of nutrient is added to the forest floor. Ca²⁺ recorded the greatest nutrient increase, with 61.2 kg/hm², followed by N (NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ⁻-N), K⁺ and Mg²⁺, with 31.3 and 16.5, and 8.11 kg/hm², respectively. The least was Na⁺, 3.34 kg/hm². Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(7): 2,101–2,107 [译自: 生态学报]     

海南岛尖峰岭热带林生态系统的水化学特征

本文根据对降水、穿透水及林区溪水水质的动态观测分析,探讨了海南岛尖峰岭半落叶季雨林-砖红壤-花岗闪长岩、黑云母花岗岩及山地雨林-砖黄壤-似斑状(钾长石)花岗岩两个植被-土壤-基岩体系的水化学性状、季节变化及水化学平衡特点。文章指出,降水和穿透水是热带林生态系统主要的元素输入源,森林生态系统具有较强的水化学过滤、吸贮功能,元素的输出率可以大大降低,保持物质循环的封闭式平衡状态。山地雨林生态系统的水化学调节功能优于半落叶季雨林生态系统。     

黄土高塬沟壑区苹果林冠截留特征

以黄土高塬沟壑区的典型代表长武塬为研究区,基于对45场降雨的实测数据,分析了苹果林的林冠截留特征,量化了林冠对降雨的分配比例.结果表明,17年生苹果林穿透雨量、树干径流量、林冠截留量分别占大气降雨量的75％～97％,0.2％～1.6％,2％～25％.穿透雨量与降雨量呈凹形抛物线关系,树干径流量与降雨量的关系可近似用直线方程表达,由三次多项式表达的林冠截留量与降雨量关系与实测值的拟合程度最高.     

中亚热带杉木人工林和米槠次生林树干茎流和穿透雨磷的动态特征

磷(P)伴随树干茎流和穿透雨输入到森林,成为补充亚热带森林生态系统P流失的一个重要途径,但其在不同类型生态系统中的动态特征缺乏必要的关注。以中亚热带杉木人工林和米槠次生林为研究对象,通过测定2015年6月至2018年8月间树干茎流和穿透雨中P浓度,探讨了2个林分树干茎流和穿透雨P浓度的差异、季节变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,杉木人工林树干茎流和穿透雨P浓度变化范围分别为0.002～0.026,0.003～0.024 mg/L,米槠次生林树干茎流和穿透雨P浓度变化范围分别为0.003～0.024,0.003～0.031 mg/L,2个林分树干茎流和穿透雨P浓度均在夏季表现出显著差异。2个林分的树干茎流P浓度均为夏季高于冬季,杉木人工林穿透雨P浓度在季节上无显著差异,而米槠次生林夏秋季较高,冬春季偏低,树干茎流P浓度略微高于穿透雨。2个林分的树干茎流量在4个季节均具有显著差异,米槠次生林均高于杉木人工林,而穿透雨量在季节上无差异。杉木人工林P浓度与树干茎流量和穿透雨量均呈负相关关系,而米槠次生林P浓度与树干茎流量和穿透雨量均呈正相关关系。表明不同林分林冠结构和形态学特征的差异能显著影响亚热带森林生态系统降水中P的再分配。研究结果为深入认识森林生态系统P随水文过程的动态特征提供基础数据。     

降雨特征对南亚热带马尾松人工林降水分配格局的影响

探究马尾松人工林降雨特征对降水分配格局的影响,为南亚热带人工林经营管理提供科技支撑。依托广西友谊关森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站降水分配观测场,采用野外定位研究方法,以30年马尾松人工林为研究对象,观测了2018年1—12月的林外降雨、林内透流、干流和冠层截留。结果表明:研究区年降雨总量1303.6 mm,马尾松林的透流、干流及截留量分别占同期降雨的60.9%,0.4%,38.7%。产生透流和干流的最小雨量分别为0.4,2.2 mm。4个降雨特征指标中(雨量、雨强、历时和2次降水间隔时间),降雨量在马尾松降水格局分布中影响最大,雨强和历时对透流量、透流率、干流量、冠层截留量及冠层截留率均有显著影响,而2次降水间隔时间仅对透流量、干流量和冠层截留量有显著影响。SPSS多元线性回归分析表明,3个冠层水文分量对降雨特征的响应并非同步,降雨特征对林内透流和截留的影响大于干流。     

Erosion Potential under Miconia calvescens Stands on the Island of Hawai‘i

This study provides evidence that Miconia calvescens has the potential to accelerate surface erosion in stands where it invades by (i) reducing under‐canopy light levels, thereby reducing the establishment of ground cover vegetation, and (ii) producing highly erosive throughfall drops on large leaves in a single‐layer canopy. The throughfall energy in a stand of invasive miconia on the Island of Hawai‘i (USA), assessed by measuring the drop size and drop velocity distributions with a laser disdrometer, was significantly higher than that in a stand of native ‘ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and ambient rainfall. Median throughfall drop size for miconia (3·83 mm) was twice that of ambient rainfall (1·62 mm). Highly erosive throughfall resulted from large drops forming on large miconia leaves and relatively high fall velocities associated with the single‐story miconia canopy. In contrast, multi‐storied natural ‘ōhi‘a had a larger median drop size; however, a lower fall height reduced throughfall effective kinetic energy. Furthermore, the effective kinetic energy for miconia was high because large drops (> 3·8 mm) with high kinetic energy accounted for 60 per cent of the total energy (versus 30–40 per cent for other vegetation types). Consequently, unit kinetic energy of throughfall was 28 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ under miconia, compared with <24 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ for rainfall and <20 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ under ‘ōhi‘a . These data, combined with the observation of limited protective ground cover under miconia, show the potential for accelerated erosion occurring on forest floors in stands of invasive miconia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林降水分配特征

利用2011年5-9月生长季观测的30场降雨数据,分析了山西太岳山不同郁闭度下油松人工林林冠截留、穿透雨以及树干茎流与降雨量的关系,以及林冠截留过程的特点.结果表明:(1)实验观测期间,该地区降雨总量为634.79mm,单次平均降雨量为21.16mm,单次最大降雨量为58.15mm,单次最小降雨量为0.54mm.其中,8月份的降雨总量最大,为190.77mm,6月份的降雨总量最小,为41.81mm.(2)郁闭度为0.8的油松人工林林冠截留量与降雨量呈一元线性关系,郁闭度为0.7、0.6和0.5均呈幂函数关系;对于各郁闭度的油松人工林,其林冠截留率与降雨量均呈对数函数关系;穿透雨量、树干茎流量与降雨量均呈明显的一元线性关系,穿透雨量和树干茎流量都随着降雨量的增加而增加.(3)不同郁闭度油松人工林之间林冠截留、穿透雨和树干茎流不同,总的趋势为随着郁闭度的减小,林冠截留量减小,穿透雨量增大,树干茎流量增大.林冠截留量与郁闭度表现出正相关关系,而穿透雨量、树干茎流量都与郁闭度表现出负相关关系.(4)各郁闭度林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量的月动态变化与总降水量的月变化基本一致.     

森林植物对北京特大暴雨截留特征研究

针对2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨,分析了北京西山4种典型森林植被对降雨的截留作用,结果表明：北京特大暴雨历时16 h多,累积降雨量164.4 mm,存在3个高峰期,70%的雨量集中在21日11：00~18：00曰各林分内穿透雨的波动趋势与林外降雨基本一致,林内的最大雨强均小于林外最大雨强,可见森林植被对于降雨具有削弱作用;各林分内穿透雨的起始时间均晚于林外降雨,结束时间相较于林外降雨也有推迟,说明森林植被对于降雨具有延滞作用;各林分树干茎流截留率范围为1.4%~2.1%,林冠截留率为19.8%~29.5%。