紫金山麻栎林降水分配格局研究

对紫金山栎林林冠截留、树干茎流与降水量之间的关系进行了研究。在观测的46场降水中,降水量达823.8 mm,林冠总截留量、树干茎流量和穿透雨量分别为207.95 mm、33.30 mm、582.55 mm,林冠截留率、树干茎流率和穿透率分别为25.24%、4.04%、70.71%。随着降水量的增大,林冠截留量、树干茎流量、穿透雨量及穿透率都有所增加,林冠截留率降低,树干茎流率在2～50 mm降水量级中逐渐增大,在>50 mm降水量级有所降低。林冠截留量与降水量之间呈幂函数关系,而树干茎流量、穿透雨与降水量之间呈线性相关。     

西江中下游生态公益林对降水截留分配效应研究

为了评估生态公益林涵养水源服务功能,选择德庆县三叉顶自然保护区生态公益林,定位观测2006年6月～2007年6月100次大气降水事件的截留分配效应。结果表明,观测期内降水总量为1 317.60mm,林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透水量分别是318.37,87.85和911.38 mm,林冠截留率、茎流率和穿透率分别为24.16%,6.67%和69.17%。林外降水量大于1.3 mm时才能观测到穿透雨,林外降水量达到3.0mm时才开始有树干茎流出现。林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,相关系数R2分别为0.788 8,0.957 7和0.965 9;林冠截留率与林外降水量呈负相关,而树干茎流率和穿透率呈正相关,相关系数R2分别为0.835 6,0.803 4和0.874 2。     

人工毛竹林水文生态功能的初步研究

在2009年3—10月对浙江庙山坞自然保护区人工毛竹林的水文生态特征进行了定位样地和径流场观测研究,以探讨其林内降水分配规律和水土保持功能。结果表明:(1)观测期内,林外总降水量达1 220.8 mm,穿透雨量、茎流量、林冠截留量分别占总降水量的78.2%、7.3%和14.5%。随着林外降水量的增加,穿透雨量、茎流量呈线性增加,而林冠截留量先是迅速增加,当林外降水量达10 mm后增速减缓,并趋于稳定(5 - 6 mm)。(2)人工毛竹林林地凋落物现存量平均为4.37 t·hm^-2,最     

西江中下游生态公益林对降水的截留分配效应研究

为了评估生态公益林涵养水源服务功能,选择德庆县三叉顶自然保护区生态公益林,定位观测2006年6月～2007年6月100次大气降水事件的截留分配效应。结果表明,观测期内降水总量为1317．60mm,林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透水量分别是318．37,87．85和911．38mm,林冠截留率、茎流率和穿透率分别为24．16％,6．67％和69．17％。林外降水量大于1．31mm时才能观测到穿透雨,林外降水量达到3．0mm时才开始有树干茎流出现。林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,相关系数序分别为0．7888,0．9577和0．9659;林冠截留率与林外降水量呈负相关,而树干茎流率和穿透率呈正相关,相关系数尺。分别为0．8356,0．8034和0．8742。     

典型喀斯特原始森林降水分配特征

采用2008—2013年茂兰喀斯特原始森林降水观测资料,对降水截留动态变化规律及分配比例进行了系统的研究。结果表明:2008—2013年平均林外降水总量1 532.91 mm,穿透雨量、树干茎流量、树冠截留量分别占林外降水总量的80.99%、2.84%、16.17%,这三者与降水量均呈现极显著的线性关系(P0.01),穿透雨率、截留率与降水量呈现对数函数关系。喀斯特森林水文各分量有明显的干季、雨季之分。与我国其他地区相比,喀斯特森林林冠截留率处于较低水平,而有较高的穿透雨率,增加了喀斯特森林林内有效降水,对喀斯特森林植被生长有积极的意义。     

丛生竹林生态系统的水文效应研究--Ⅱ.麻竹林林冠对降水的截持作用

连续数年对 1 995年春在福建南靖的杉木采伐迹地上营造的株行距分别为 3m× 4m、4m×5m和 5m× 6m的 3种麻竹林进行水文生态功能研究。研究结果表明 :1林冠截留量与降水量和林分密度呈正相关。竹秆流和林冠穿透水与降水量呈正相关 ,与林分密度呈负相关 ;2麻竹比毛竹和其它树种更易产生秆流 ,其产生秆流所需的最小降水量为 2 .1 mm·次 -1 。株行距为 3m× 4m的麻竹林年林冠截留量、截留率、穿透水量、穿透水率、竹秆流量和茎流系数分别为 1 2 8.1 mm、1 4 .51 %、689.1 mm、8.0 2 %、66.0 mm和 7.47%。     

天然次生林对降水的分配效应浅析

通过观测我国东北东部天然次生林对降水的分配效应,结果表明:降雨量在1.69～24.36 mm时,森林各水文分配效应总体表现为穿透雨量>地表径流量>树干茎流量>林冠截留量.随降雨量和降雨强度的增加,穿透雨量、地表径流量和树干茎流量随之增大.当降雨量较小(1.69～4.91 mm)时,穿透雨量、地表径流量和树干茎流量随降雨量的增加呈低速增加趋势;当降雨量较大(4.91～24.36 mm)时,其增加速度随降雨量的增加而加快.     

闽东北鹫峰山天然黄山松林内降雨分配的研究

通过对闽东北鹫峰山雨期天然黄山松林内降雨分配情况进行观测研究,结果表明:在观测期间,总降雨量1622.12mm,穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1194.19mm、15.16mm和412.77mm,分别占总降雨量的73.62%、0.93%和25.45%.随着降雨量的增大,树干茎流量和茎流率、穿透雨量和穿透率、林冠截留量都增大,而林冠截留率降低.穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系为线性相关关系;茎流量和降雨量之间的关系也为线性相关关系;林冠截留量和总降雨量之间的关系为幂函数相关关系.     

水曲柳林冠的降水截留特征

对水曲柳林冠在2003年5-9月的降水截留特征进行了野外测定与统计分析,结果表明:水曲柳林分林冠截留量为68.77 mm,占同期降水量的17.41%;降水约按以下比例被再次分配:穿透降水72.50%,林冠截留17.41%,树干茎流10.08%.模拟分析结果表明:Horton改进模型模拟精度高,参数物理意义较明确,水曲柳林冠吸附容量为0.84 mm,区域降雨蒸发能力的参数值为11.83%,水曲柳林冠截留率随降水变化的曲线可分为快变期(截留率大于19.0%,降水量小于10 mm)、渐变期(截留率19.0%～12.8%,降水10～30 mm)和稳定期(截留率小于12.8%,降水大于30 mm),水曲柳林冠稳定截留率为12.8%.     

枫香人工林林冠截留对降水水量输入的影响

采用定位研究方法,根据2007年5月至2008年3月的观测数据,对长沙市天际岭林场枫香人工林生态系统的降水再分配进行了研究.结果表明:该系统11个月的总降水量为817.8mm.其中林内的净降水量占总降水量的81.99%,林冠年截留量占年降水量的18.01%;进入枫香人工林内的雨水绝大部分是穿透水,占净降水量的80.3%,以树干茎流形式进入林内的水量为13.8mm,占年降水量的1.69%;树干茎流率的季节变化幅度最小,穿透水率季节变化幅度不大,而林冠截留率季节变化幅度最为明显;对于不同降雨量级来说,穿透率和树干茎流率随着降水量的增加而增加,而林冠截留量则随着降水量的增加呈递减趋势.     

Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains,China

Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.     

川西亚高山原始云杉林内降雨分配研究

穿透雨、茎流和林冠截留在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有极其重要的地位 (VanDijketal .,2 0 0 1) ,因而从生理学、生态学和水文学的观点来看 ,研究一定区域内植被与降雨之间的相关性具有重要的意义 (Aboaletal .,1999)。川西亚高山针叶林处于我国东南半壁湿润地区与西北半壁干旱地区的过渡地带上 ,且多分布于江河上游 ,在涵养水源、保持水土、稳定河川流量、维护生态平衡等方面具有重要的地位 ,被誉为庇护四川及长江流域的“绿色万里长城”(杨玉坡 ,1990 )。马雪华 (1987)对米亚罗地区亚高山冷杉林的林冠截留做了一些初步的观测 …     

长白山北坡阔叶红松林林冠对降雨及其养分的影响

在2001年森林生长季(6-9月),通过测量降雨各分量,分析了中国吉林省长白山北坡红松阔叶林冠层对降水分配各分量的影响。结果表明:干流量(37.39 mm),透流量(326.02 mm)和截留量(105.67 mm),分别占同期降雨量(469.08 mm) 的7.97%、69.50%和22.53%。林冠对降雨的月份分配规律是:树干茎流率的月变化为七、八月份大于其它月份,穿透率从6-9月份有逐渐减少的趋势,而截留率的变化正好与穿透率相反,从19.43%增加到31.02%。林内降雨中的养分元素浓度发生显著变化,除Ca、Mg外,其它元素的浓度都有所增加。经分析得出,大气降雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:Ca> Mg> N> K> Fe > P> Cu > Mn;而穿透雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:K>N>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Cu;在林冠淋溶中各养分元素的浓度序列为:Mn> P>K>Cu>Fe>N>Mg>Ca。图1表5参13。     

长宁竹海主要林分林冠降雨分配格局

对长宁竹海楠竹林、黄竹林、苦竹林、杉木林和栎林5种林分林冠降雨分配格局进行了对比。回归结果表明:穿透雨量和干流与林外降雨量呈线性关系,并都达到极显著水平(p-0.01)。在降雨量为1204.7 mm时,5种林分穿透雨的最小响应雨量分别为:斑苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus Kengf)林为3.0 mm,硬头黄竹(Bambusa rigida Keng et Kengf)林为1.0 mm、白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)林为0.9 mm、楠竹(Phyllostachy spubescen)林为0.8 mm、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook)林为0.7 mm。干流量随树干胸径的增加而增大,两者关系可用Q=B0 B1D B2D2 B3D3进行描述。与其它的林种相比,竹林干流量远高于栎林和杉木林。苦竹林干流量达105.3 mm,干流率为8.74%,黄竹和楠竹干流量均为82.4 mm,干流率为6.84%,栎林分别为42.4 mm和3.49%,杉木林最小,仅为8.8 mm和0.73%。截留量和截留率从大至小的排序为:苦竹林为384.3 mm和31.9%,栎林355.5 mm和29.51%,黄竹280.7 mm和23.3%,楠竹274.1 mm和22.75%,杉木林254.8 mm和21.15%。     

Interception loss, throughfall and stemflow chemistry in pine and oak forests in northeastern Mexico

Interception loss, gross precipitation, throughfall and stemflow solution chemistry beneath pine (Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.), oak (Quercus sp.) and pine-oak natural forest canopies in northeastern Mexico were measured. Coefficients of variation for throughfall were 12% in pine and oak canopies and 17% in the mixed pine-oak canopy. The variability of stemflow averaged 66, 126 and 73% for pine, oak and the mixed pine-oak canopies, respectively. Linear regression analysis of net versus gross precipitation for the three canopies showed highly significant correlations (r = 0.974-0.984). Total precipitation during the experimental period was 974 mm and estimated interception loss was 19.2, 13.6 and 23% for the pine, oak and pine-oak canopies, respectively. Stemflow did not occur following rainfall events of less than 4 mm and, in all canopies, stemflow represented a minimal proportion of gross precipitation (0.60, 0.50 and 0.03% for pine, oak and pine-oak, respectively). Throughfall pH in pine (6.2), oak (6.3) and pine-oak (6.3) canopies was significantly more acidic than gross precipitation (6.6). Stemflow pH ranged from 3.7 (pine) to 6.0 (oak). The pine-oak canopy registered the highest throughfall and stemflow electrical conductivities, 104 and 188 microS cm(-1), respectively. Net nutrient leaching of K, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn and Zn was significantly higher from the pine-oak canopy than from the pure pine and oak canopies. Mean depositions of Ca and Cu in throughfall behaved similarly among the three types of canopies. A greater proportion of Zn in gross precipitation was absorbed by the oak canopy than by the pine and pine-oak canopies. Enrichment factors beneath the pine-oak canopy relative to gross precipitation varied from 1.2 to 3.2 for macro-nutrients (Ca, K, Mg and Na) and from 1.4 to 3.1 for micro-nutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn). Stemflow depositions of Ca, K, Mg and Cu were higher in the pine-oak canopy, whereas stemflow depositions of Na, Fe, Mn and Zn were higher in the pine canopy.     

Throughfall,stemflow and interception loss in a mixed white oak forest (Quercus serrata Thunb.)

Throughfall and stemflow measurements in a 60-year-old white oak stand (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out during two periods totalling eleven months, from August to November 1993 and from May to November 1994, in order to clarify the rainfall partitioning of this forest. Troughs and spiral-type stemflow gauges connected to tipping bucket-gauges were used for throughfall and stemflow measurements. Seventy-five storms were analyzed individually. Coefficients of variation for throughfall and stemflow ranged between 5–25% and 20–70% respectively. Partitioning of net rainfall in throughfall and stemflow represent 72% and 10% of the gross rainfall respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine the stemflow variability. In was determined that maximum rain intensity was highly correlated with stemflow and this variable explained a further 5.5% of the stemflow variation. Estimates of averaged lag time and drainage after rain cease for stemflow were 290 and 164 min, while estimates for throughfall were 60 and 104 min. respectively. The canopy saturation was estimated from continuous storms and showed a value of 0.6 mm. The trunk storage capacity was estimated at a value of 0.2 mm. The interception loss from the forest canopy was estimated in 18%. Interception loss was heighly correlated with rainfall characteristics such as duration and intensity.     

两种经济林中的穿透雨与茎流特征研究

本文观测了桃李两种经济林的穿透雨和茎流特征。结果表明,两种经济林的穿透雨量、林冠截留量、茎流量与降雨量均存在极显著的正相关关系。用幂函数方程能较好的拟合林冠截留量与降雨量之间的关系,而用线性方程能较好的拟合穿透雨量、茎流量和降雨量之间的关系;桃李两种经济林穿透雨量分别占降雨量的93.29%、85.34%,林冠截留量分别占降雨量的5.60%和12.04%,茎流量分别占降雨量的1.11%和2.62%。