Influence of Soil Organic Carbon on Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Plant Protection Products to Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Larvae (4 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   Variability of results from terrestrial ecotoxicological tests with arthropods demonstrate the importance of understanding the impact of soil composition has on the bioavailability of pollutants. Beside other soil parameters, the organic C content is known to be relevant to bioavailability. The aim of the present paper was to detect lethal and sublethal effects of plant protection products on soil-dwelling larvae of the carabid beetle Poecilus cupreus under different concentrations of soil organic C. The study was based on a familiar laboratory test method. Methods   Larvae of the laboratory-reared carabid beetle P. cupreus were exposed to dimethoate in a standardised soil (Lufa 2.1), modified to four different concentrations of organic C between 0.5 to 2.8% by admixing peat. Dimethoate was applied to the soil surface at rates ranging between 40 and 250 g a.i./ha. Some larvae were exposed to an application of water to act as a control. One larva was released per test tube, with at least 20 larvae per treatment group. Effects on mortality and developmental time of the larvae and on the hatching weight of adult beetles were recorded. Dimethoate was selected as the test item because some dose-response data for different soils were already available and because the reproducibility of test results with dimethoate had already been shown in a previous ring test. Results and Discussion   With increasing concentration of organic C in the soil substrate, mortality decreased at all tested rates of dimethoate. Consequently, LC50 values increased from 39 to 107 g a.i./ha with increasing organic C content from 0.5 to 2.8%. The results suggest higher bioavailability of dimethoate with decreasing content of organic C. The replication and magnitude of sublethal effects (hatching weight and developmental time) was insufficient to detect a clear interaction between dimethoate and organic C. Conclusion   The results of the experiment reveal that the concentration of organic C in the soil substrate is influential on the effects and, by association, the toxicity of dimethoate to larvae of P. cupreus. For the interpretation of terrestrial ectotoxicological tests with arthropods, the composition of the substrate has to be taken into account. Recommendations and Outlook   For reliable and reproducible test results, a well-defined and thoroughly controlled composition of the test soil is highly recommended. Test results should be used for risk assessments only after having taken the soil composition, especially the organic C content, into account.     

乐果在小白菜中的残留动态研究

利用气相色谱法测定小白菜（Brassica campestris)中乐果的残留量，研究了乐果在小白菜中的残留动态。结果表明：乐果在小白菜中的代谢速度较缓慢，露天喷药后5d和大棚内喷药后6d还存在着残留超标现象。同时，人工降雨对喷药后初期残留量的影响较大，水冲洗、水浸泡和洗洁精洗涤等3种不同的洗涤方法对降低残留量到安全水平的效果并不很明显。     

一株高效降解有机磷农药的菌株S3的应用研究

对1株能高效降解几种有机磷农药的菌株S3的应用进行了研究。结果表明,菌株S3可以甲胺磷和乐果作为唯一碳氮源生长,对甲胺磷的降解效果最好,降解率为52.1%。在添加其他碳氮源的3种有机磷农药的培养液中,对3种农药都有明显降解作用,其中对敌敌畏的降解效果最好,降解率为70.3%。     

农药乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性研究*

 用水生生物急性毒性试验方法，研究乐果对昭觉林蛙（Rana chaochiaoensis）蝌蚪的急性毒性影响。结果表明：在水温（20.5±0.5）℃条件下，乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪24h，48h，72h，96h的半致死浓度（LC50）分别为：76.97mg/L，67.85mg/L，56.61mg/L,52，80mg/L，并呈现出线性关系，安全浓度 （SC） 为5.28mg/L。由此得出，乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪属于低毒性农药，当乐果残留量超过安全浓度时，将会影响昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的正常生长发育。     

乐果和杀虫双污染对蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量的影响

近年来,土壤环境受到越来越严重的污染,其中一个很重要的原因是农药的滥用造成的,目前农药对土壤动物(尤其是蚯蚓)的影响受到极大重视并成为研究热点.为评价土壤的农药污染程度,选用乐果和杀虫双及其二者复合对蚯蚓进行染毒试验,采用滤纸法研究不同浓度农药污染对赤子爱蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明;蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量在乐果污染24h和48 h均比对照显著增加(P＜0.05)、随着乐果浓度的升高,蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,而随杀虫双浓度的升高,蛋白质含量的影响没有明显的规律性;不同浓度处理之间差异显著(P＜0.05),同一浓度处理24 h和48 h之间有极显著的差异(P＜0.01);固定乐果浓度( 60 mg/kg)分别和不同浓度杀虫双处理24 h和48 h,蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量随着杀虫双浓度的升高,均呈现出升高—降低—升高的锯齿型变化曲线,各复合处理之间有显著差异(P＜0.05);回归分析结果表明,蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量与乐果和杀虫双浓度存在一定剂量-效应关系,其关系曲线均为抛物线型,乐果对蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量的影响高于杀虫双.因此可利用蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量的变化较好的指示乐果对蚯蚓的毒性作用,对杀虫双的毒性作用指示效果较乐果差.     

3种常见农药对中华鳖稚鳖的急性致毒效应研究

以5～7日龄的中华鳖稚鳖为试验动物,采用静水停食实验法,在水温（27.4±1.3）℃条件下,开展了乐果、三唑磷、氟虫腈对中华鳖稚鳖的急性毒性试验。结果表明,3种农药对中华鳖稚鳖均呈现以蓄积为主导的急性毒发效应,乐果对中华鳖稚鳖的急性致毒高峰期略滞后于三唑磷和氟虫腈;3种农药毒性强度大小依次为三唑磷、氟虫腈、乐果,其对中华鳖稚鳖96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.28μg/L、0.28 mg/L和124.4 mg/L;所构建的中华鳖稚鳖累计死亡概率与质量浓度和实验时间间数学模型和半致死时间—质量浓度回归方程可作为侦查和分析农药排放时间和致中华鳖稚鳖大量死亡时间的重要计算工具。     

渗乐乳油对蚜虫的活性研究

乐果加ＨＰ－１对小麦蚜虫的室内联合毒力测定表明，ＨＰ－１对乐果具有较强的增效作用，最佳配比为９８：２，以此比例配成的４０％渗乐乳油，对小麦蚜虫具有降低乐果用量５０％，防效好，成本低等优点。     

Organophosphate resistance in olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, populations in Greece and Cyprus

The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of olives in countries around the Mediterranean basin. Its control has been based mostly on bait sprays with organophosphate insecticides (usually dimethoate or fenthion) for about 40 years. In the present study, the resistance status of olive fruit fly populations to dimethoate was examined in Greece and Cyprus over 2 years. Thirty-one populations from various regions of Greece, nine from Cyprus and one laboratory susceptible strain, which served as a control, were assayed by topical application of dimethoate. Considerable variation in the resistance levels to dimethoate was recorded in the populations of B. oleae, with resistance ratios ranging from 6.3 to 64.4 (ED(50) values 12.5-128.7 ng dimethoate per insect). The highest resistance ratios were found in populations from Crete, and the lowest in those from Cyprus. This variation could be attributed to different selection pressures from insecticidal applications among populations from the various regions. Migration of resistant genotypes, either autonomous or via commerce, may also be involved.     

乐果对瓜蚜的毒力测定及其繁殖力的影响

用浸渍法以40％乐果乳油对瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii)成虫进行毒力测定和繁殖力的影响试验。结果表明：瓜蚜对乐果反应极不敏感，L50值851．13μg／mL；800μg／mL、400μg／mL的乐果溶液对瓜蚜的繁殖力有明显的抑制作用；200μg／mL的乐果溶液对瓜蚜繁殖力的影响不明显；100μg／mL的乐果溶液对瓜蚜的繁殖力有微弱的增殖作用。     

Leaf surfaces and the bioavailability of pesticide residues

Laboratory bioassays were carried out to determine the toxicity to Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola: Isotomidae) of residues of a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, and an organophosphorus insecticide, dimethoate, on different leaf surfaces. The test leaves included a range of species and leaves of different ages. Dose-response relationships were estimated for F candida walking over the various treated leaf substrates. Probit analysis was used to estimate the means and standard deviations of the associated tolerance distributions expressed as gAIha-1. Parallelism tests were undertaken to compare the susceptibilities of F candida to the two compounds applied to the different leaf surfaces. On deltamethrin-treated leaf surfaces, the LD50 values for F candida varied from 6.36 to 77.14 gAIha-1. F candida was least susceptible to deltamethrin residues when applied to leaves of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgarus L) and the highest susceptibility was observed following application to leaves of seedlings of barley (Hordeum vulgare L). In contrast, the LD50 values observed for dimethoate treatments did not differ significantly between leaf types, ranging from 1.35 to 8.69 gAIha-1. The laboratory data on susceptibility of F candida on different leaf types for different pesticides can be used to investigate the role of leaf surface properties in modifying the toxicity of applied pesticides to exposed invertebrates.