Gene Expression of Enzymes for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Leaf Sheaths of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the Heading Period in Relation to the Sink to Source Transition

Abstract

Leaf sheaths of rice plants are known to temporarily accumulate starch prior to heading, which is subsequently remobilized and transported into the panicle after heading. We investigated the time course for both carbohydrate content and steady state mRNA levels of enzymes related to starch and sucrose metabolism in the rice leaf sheath (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Leaf sheaths from the second leaf below the flag leaf accumulated high levels of starch before heading but they rapidly decreased after heading. In contrast, the flag leaf sheath did not accumulate as much starch. In the second leaf sheath, the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in starch synthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2. 7. 7. 27), soluble starch synthase (EC 2. 4. 1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2. 4. 1. 18) were high before heading, which coincided with rapid accumulation of starch. The mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes, cytosolic FBPase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2. 4. 1. 14), and the sucrose transporter (OsSUTI) increased at the time of heading, which was largely coincident with a decrease in the mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes. In the flag leaf sheaths, changes in mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes were not pronounced, however mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes and the sucrose transporter showed a clear increase throughout the heading period. The different characteristics observed between the two leaf sheaths will be discussed in relation to the sink to source transition.     

种子带菌作为玉米弯孢菌叶斑病初侵染源的研究

[目的]对种子带菌作为玉米弯孢菌叶斑病的初侵染源进行研究,为生产上防治该病提供理论依据。[方法]采用玻片萌发法和组织分离法测定种子外部带菌、内部带菌的存活力;采用沙培法在室内检测种子带菌对幼苗的侵染;应用田间培养法测定种子带菌对玉米的侵染。[结果]玉米种子所带弯孢菌孢子和菌丝可以越冬成活,种子内部带菌影响种子萌发,种子外部带菌不影响种子萌发;种子内外带菌均能侵染玉米幼苗的胚根和胚芽。[结论]玉米种子带弯孢菌孢子和菌丝可以越冬并侵染幼苗,使幼苗长势衰弱。     

亚洲粉尘释放的研究进展

我国北方沙漠、黄土高原、青藏高原是亚州粉尘释放的关键区域。进一步的元素示踪研究表明,我国西部和北部沙漠是亚洲粉尘和黄土高原黄土的主要源区;太平洋地区和格陵兰地区粉尘的源区为东亚地区。近地面风和高空西风带是亚洲粉尘传输的主要途径。北太平洋粉尘沉积和格陵兰冰芯粉尘记录对比表明,亚洲粉尘的产生、搬运和沉积在这些记录中既表现出一致性,也存在某些差异,显示了搬运过程、沉积过程以及区域性因素对粉尘记录的影响。     

景观生态格局分析在风景园林规划中的应用

景观生态格局模式强调景观空间格局对过程的控制和影响,并通过格局的改变来维持景观功能流的健康与安全。景观生态格局的研究方法有静态分析法和动态分析法。利用生态安全格局方法去建立整体性的生态基础设施是城市生态环境规划的基础,它为建设生态城市提供了理论基础和实践方法,可应用于分析城市的景观生态基本特征、城市的景观安全格局现状,规划城市景观生态格局。该研究以西安市为例,采用景观格局指数静态分析法分析了西安的生态环境及景观生态格局构成,归纳出西安市生态基质、廊道和斑块的分布及其特点,并就其中存在的基质形态破碎化、廊道人工化、建成区内斑块分散化问题进行了总结,以期为今后的西安市生态格局研究和完善提供理论基础。     

农村分散式污水处理的适宜技术

在比较国内外现有的分散式处理技术的优缺点的基础上,结合现阶段我国农村水污染现状和水污染特征,分析了如何因地制宜地选择适宜技术,重点分析了农村分散式污水处理源头分离技术的优点及必要性,同时介绍了蚯蚓生态滤池、人工湿地、地下渗滤系统和滴滤池及一体化处理设备等分散污水处理技术的适用特点,为今后在我国农村推广稳定高效的分散式污水处理设施提供必要的技术参考。     

碳黑分析方法的研究进展

系统介绍了在碳黑分析中被广泛采用的多种技术方法：热分析方法、化学分析方法、显微镜法、热-光学分析方法、光学分析方法、热-化学分析方法（CTO）、碳同位素方法以及其他分析方法,并对其在今后的碳黑研究领域中的应用进行了展望。     

Grain weight response to foliar diseases control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Foliar diseases are the main biotic restriction reducing yield in wheat crops affecting both, grain number and/or grain weight, depending on developmental stage at which infection occurs (pre- or post-anthesis, respectively). Grain weight reductions due to foliar diseases were widely reported in the literature mostly associated with decreases on radiation interception during the grain filling period. However, different evidences in wheat showed variations on grain weight responses when fungicide was applied during the grain filling period, probably associated with the timing of fungicide application or with the amount of available resources per grain set when fungicides are applied. The present study was designed to determine the causes of grain weight reduction due to foliar diseases complex (including leaf rust, Septoria leaf blotch and tan spot) in wheat crops growing under contrasting agronomic and environmental conditions (i.e. different years, locations, cultivars and N supply). The experiments were carried out during 4 years under field conditions in different locations of Argentine and France. Five different commercial wheat cultivars were sown on early and late sowing dates; and two contrasting N availability and two fungicide treatments (protected and unprotected) were applied. Grain number was not affected by foliar diseases as their appeared after anthesis. Grain weight was strongly, poorly or not affected by foliar diseases and was not associated individually with both, the sink size and the source size. However, when the grain weight response due to fungicide application was plotted against the healthy area absorption per grain (HAA_G), a significant negative association (r² = 0.81; p < 0.0001) was found for the Argentine experiments. When the HAA_G was corrected by the grain weight potential (HAA_GW) all experiments conduced in Argentine and in France fit well to a common negative linear regression (r² = 0.74, p < 0.0001) for the relationship between grain weight variation and HAA_GW demonstrating that grain weight potential is an important feature to consider in diseases control programs. Foliar diseases forced the crop to use the accumulated reserved increasing the utilization rate of the water soluble carbohydrates (WSC_UR), depleting as a consequence the water soluble content at physiological maturity (WSC_PM) in all experiments. The association between WSC_UR and the healthy area absorption per grain corrected by grain weight of healthy crops (HAA_GW) suggest that foliar diseases in wheat cause source limitation, forcing to the crop to use the WSC reserve which could be insufficient to fill the grains previously formed.     

Functional source separation to finger tappingrelated magnetoencephalography signal

It has been verified that the ICA can isolate sources from multi channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals. Based on the route of constrained ICA (cICA), this paper achieves a new solution of MEG inverse problem called functional source separation (FSS) by adding a functional constraint to the cost function of a basic ICA model. Source activity is obtained by applying this method to one MEG signal dataset under a self paced finger tapping task. The result is proved effective by calculating correlation coefficients between the weight vectors of function source separation method and the spatial filter coefficients of SAM method. It is found that finger tapping related functional source was localized in motor cortex of precentral gyrus. At the same time, the temporal and frequency information provided by FSS method could be a basis of exploring cortical control timing mechanisms associated with finger movements and extracting time frequency characteristics of the functional source.     

叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响

露地栽培条件下,人为控制厚皮甜瓜单株留叶数,形成不同的叶果比,分析甜瓜叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量变化,探讨叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响.结果表明,随着叶果比减小叶片生理活性增强,表明增加库的能力,可以增强叶片的生理活性,但叶果比减小到一定程度后,叶片的生理活性不仅不增强反而会减小,这是因为源的减少促进了叶片的早衰,黄河蜜、银峰、玉金香适宜叶果比分别为66、48、30,说明对一个特定品种来说,都有一个源库协调的问题,过多或不及,均不利于延缓叶片的衰老.相同叶果比下,叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖下降幅度和丙二醛上升幅度,黄河蜜>银峰>玉金香,说明大果型品种对摘叶处理反应比银峰中果型和小果型更为敏感.生产实践中,通过整枝减小叶果比,对特定的品种形成适宜叶果比来延缓叶片的衰老,大果型品种叶果比>中果型>小果型.     

汾河源头管涔山森林群落植物物种多样性研究

运用TWINSPAN和物种多样性指数,对汾河源头管涔山森林群落进行了研究。结果表明:①管涔山森林群落可划分为17个群丛,隶属于3个植被型,6个群系。②由于人为干扰的影响,旅游区内群丛的R0和H′较低;人工林群丛内,由于人工抚育,E5较高;受中等程度干扰的群丛,R0、H′和E5出现高值。③17个群丛乔木层建群种较少,优势度较高,且以寒温性针叶林为主,不同林分由于乔木层覆盖度和干扰类型的不同导致灌木层与草本层R0、H′、E5变化较大。④管涔山森林群落在海拔1 600~2 700 m呈连续分布,按R0和H′大小,17个群丛可分为3种类型,即分布于海拔2 150 m以上的群丛1~4和14R0、H′较低;海拔1 700~2 000 m的群丛7,10,12和17R0、H′偏高;其余海拔处的群丛则居中。