重型柴油车加载减速工况烟度排放特性

应用加载减速工况排放测试方法对1500多辆在用重型柴油车进行了烟度排放测试,通过对试验结果进行统计分析,研究了车辆烟度排放值与车辆行驶里程、车龄、车辆质量、发动机吸气方式的关系,通过回归分析得出了烟度的排放值与车辆行驶里程、车龄、车辆质量的数学关系式,以及相应的相关系数。结果表明车辆行驶里程150000km以内,烟度的排放值随里程增大而增大,但150000~300000km段烟度值变化平缓;车龄从3年增长到10年,烟度排放值增长约40%以上;车辆烟度值随车辆总质量的增大而下降;增压式柴油机的烟度较自然吸气式柴油机烟度低10%以上。     

生态环境中重金属的化学形态转化及影响因素研究

提出了环境中重金属的化学形态发生转化的2种途径,探讨了影响此转化过程的环境条件,包括pH、氧化还原电位和吸附质表面的键合作用等。     

Interaction of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and functional endophyte Pseudomonas sp. Lk9 on soil heavy metals uptake

Bioaugmentation is a promising method for assisting phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil, and the development of bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction requires the understanding of the mechanism involved in the interaction between plants and inocula. In this study, a pot study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas sp. Lk9 which can produce biosurfactants, siderophores and organic acids on the growth and metal uptake of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. growing in multi-metal-contaminated soil. The results revealed that Lk9 inoculation could improve soil Fe and P mineral nutrition supplies, enhance soil heavy metal availability, and affect host-mediated low-molecular-weight organic acids secretion, thereby significantly increasing S. nigrum shoot dry biomass by 14% and the total of Cd by 46.6%, Zn by 16.4% and Cu by 16.0% accumulated in aerial parts, compared to those of non-inoculated control. The assessment of phytoextraction showed that Lk9 inoculation elevated the bioaccumulation factor of Cd (28.9%) and phytoextraction rates of all metals (17.4%, 48.6% and 104.6% for Cd, Zn and Cu, respectively), while the translocation factors had negligible difference between Lk9 inoculation (3.30, 0.50 and 0.40 for Cd, Zn and Cu, respectively) and non-inoculated control (2.95, 0.53 and 0.42 for Cd, Zn and Cu, respectively). It was also found that the symbiotic association between S. nigrum and Lk9 significantly increased the soil microbial biomass C by 39.2% and acid phosphatase activity by 28.6% compared to those in S. nigrum without Lk9. This study would provide a new insight into the bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction of heavy metal-contaminated soils.     

Response of ammonia oxidizing microbes to the stresses of arsenic and copper in two acidic alfisols

Soil pollution by elevated heavy metals exhibits adverse effects on soil microorganisms. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing archaea perform ammonia oxidative processes in acidic soils. However, influence of heavy metal stress on soil ammonia oxidizers distribution and diversity is inadequately addressed. This study investigated the responses of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea to heavy metals, Cu and As during short-term laboratory experiment. Two different acidic alfisols named as Rayka and Hangzhou spiked with different concentrations of As, Cu and As + Cu were incubated for 10 weeks. Significant reduction in copy numbers of archaeal-16S rRNA, bacterial-16S rRNA and functional amoA genes was observed along elevated heavy metal concentrations. Ammonia oxidizing archaea was found to be more abundant than ammonia oxidizing bacteria in all the heavy metal treatments. The potential nitrification rate significantly decreased with increasing As and Cu concentrations in the two soils examined. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed no apparent community shift for ammonia oxidizing archaea even at higher concentrations of As and Cu. Phylogenetic analysis of archaeal amoA gene from 4 clone libraries indicated that all the archaeal amoA sequences were placed within 3 distinct clusters from soil and sediment group 1.1b of Thaumarchaeota. Our results could be useful for the better understanding of the ecological effects of heavy metals on the abundance and diversity of soil ammonia oxidizers.     

The effects of applied crop residues on losses of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in run-off from a soil prone to crusting

Tillage practices may reduce the organic matter content in near-surface soil horizons causing crust formation. Surface conditions may cause an increase in surface run-off, thus enhancing contaminant transfer of heavy metals or an acceleration in nutrient loss. This study examines the effect of applying crop residues to the surface of tilled soils on heavy metal losses by run-off. Losses in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were analysed. Run-off and sediment yield were measured on 1 m² plots using a rainfall simulator with a constant 65 mm/h intensity. Four successive rainfall applications were performed, the first three at 25 mm each and the last at 65 mm. Added corn straw varied between 0 and 4 t/ha in the five studied treatments. After 140 mm cumulative rainfall, total heavy metal losses were as follows: Fe from 137 to 950 mg/L, Mn from 2.3 to 12.83 mg/L, Cu from 0.09 to 0.72 mg/L and Zn from 0.31 to 2.46 mg/L. Dissolved fractions were as follows: Fe from 0.014 to 0.229 mg/L, Mn from 0.034 to 1.45 mg/L, Cu from 0.002 to 0.013 mg/L and Zn from 0.02 to 0.12 mg/L. Total concentrations of the studied elements decreased exponentially due to the effect of corn straw on soil loss. However, dissolved contents of Fe and Cu scarcely varied. Significant positive linear correlations were observed between total heavy metal content and soil and sediment loss by run-off. It is concluded that the addition of straw to a soil of low fertility prevents heavy metal loss.     

重金属镉在香菇品种中的积累比较

选择出口量最大的香菇为材料，分析了三个不同香菇品种对有害重金属镉的积累．结果表明，3个香菇品种对重金属Cd的富集能力为；庆科20〉241—1〉9015，建议可以9015为抗重金属Cd的栽培品种。     

重回缩修剪对龙眼叶片内源激素含量的影响

对交叉封行的大乌圆龙眼树(8年生)进行重回缩修剪,重剪后用167mg/LPP333溶液调节树体生长,冬季喷施450mg/L乙烯利控梢促花,研究其对龙眼叶片内源激素的影响。结果表明:实施重回缩修剪后,大乌圆龙眼叶片的乙烯、IAA含量下降,GA3、ZT含量增加,而对ABA含量影响不大;重回缩修剪后施PP333,叶片乙烯、IAA和ABA含量增加,GA3、ZT含量下降。在龙眼花芽生理分化期,重回缩修剪树叶片内源激素处于较高GA3、较低ZT水平,据此认为这是导致龙眼重回缩修剪树难以花芽分化的主要原因之一。     

不同时期重截对大十果桑生长结果的影响

采果结束后对大十果桑结果母枝重截是其夏季修剪的主要内容。结果表明：采果结束时立即对结果母枝留3～4节重截提高次年产量和品质、减小树体、增强树势的综合效果最好。重截过迟,会严重削弱树势,造成次年大幅减产。叶果兼用时,为了克服因集中重截而造成断叶现象,可以在采果结束后30 d以内分期分批对结果母枝重截,对次年产量和品质的影响较小。     

浅谈我国农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复研究

农田土壤重金属污染导致农作物重金属含量超标,这些重金属随食物链进入人体内,对人体健康造成危害。了解农田土壤重金属污染现状、重金属污染对农作物的危害,以及污染农田的治理修复,对维护人体健康具有重要意义。本文综述了我国农田土壤重金属污染现状,分析了农田土壤重金属污染可能对农作物造成的影响,概括了目前农田土壤重金属污染的主要治理方式,并分析了这些治理方式的差异性和优缺点,对未来农田土壤重金属污染治理的方向作出了展望。为该领域初学者了解该领域研究方向、发展趋势和研究热点提供了指导,也为我国农田土壤重金属污染治理的进一步研究提供参考。     

有毒气体大气扩散特点·数学模型及其伤害浓度作用时间分析

结合有毒气体的泄漏特点及有毒气体的理化特性,进行了有毒气体的大气扩散数学模型及扩散后形成的伤害浓度与作用时间分析。