土壤外源钴对大麦根伸长的毒害及其预测模型

选取我国11种不同性质的农田土壤，通过外源添加重金属钴（Co），研究其对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）根伸长的毒性阈值及土壤性质对Co毒性的影响。结果发现，Co对大麦根伸长10%抑制效应（EC₁₀）在11种土壤中的变化范围为37.1~3 914 mg·kg^-1土（105.5倍），50%抑制效应（EC₅₀）的变化范围为166.1~6 030 mg·kg^-1土（36.3倍）。建立土壤性质与毒性阈值的回归方程，结果表明土壤pH是影响土壤Co毒性阈值最重要的因子，作为单因子时分别可以解释77.6%、72%的EC₁₀和EC₅₀的变异（P≤0.001）。当在EC₁₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和土壤黏粒（Clay）双因子时，可以解释83.9%的EC₁₀的变异（P<0.001），EC₅₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和总碳（TC）双因子时，可以解释86.1%的EC₅₀的变异（P<0.001）。将我国土壤中得到的Co毒性阈值预测模型和欧洲北美10种土壤的预测模型进行比较验证，结果发现基于我国土壤得到的预测模型可以较为准确地预测欧洲北美土壤中Co的大麦根伸长毒性阈值，但基于欧洲北美土壤的预测模型不能准确预测我国土壤中Co的毒性阈值。研究表明，我国土壤性质对Co毒性有显著的影响，基于土壤性质建立的预测模型可为土壤中Co生态风险评价提供参考依据。     

Organic Acid Effects on Nutrient Uptake by Rice

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the responses of 20 rice cultivars to the phytotoxic effects of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids produced in soils under anaerobic conditions. The study was conducted in a hydroponic system, with four levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 mM) of the three organic acids in the ratio of 6:3:1 in a factorial of complete randomized block design with three replications. The evaluated variables were phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents. The analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction, and the established regressions showed differences among the genotypes as evaluated for both variables. Four genotypes were classified as tolerant in relation to P content and three genotypes as tolerant in relation to K. The best performance was verified with japonica genotypes and the irrigation-based growing system.     

Excess trace metal effects on cotton: 4. Chromium and lithium in Yolo loam soil

Abstract

Two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium spp) were grown in Yolo loam soil in a glasshouse to determine phytotoxicity effects of Cr and Li and possible interactions with other metals. The Cr at 100 μg/g soil had no adverse effects on either cultivar studied. A Cr increase was not observed in either stems or leaves. Both cultivars tolerated 25 and 50 μg Li/g soil. The 50 μg Li/g soil resulted in leaves of Acala SJ‐2 with 432 μg Li/g leaves and 720 in Giza 45. The 100 μg Li/g soil resulted in 74% and 87% leaf yield reductions in Acala SJ‐2 and Giza 45 respectively. Leaf concentrations of Li respectively were 1950 and 1850 μg/g. Except at the highest level of Li, leaves had higher concentrations of Li than did roots. The Cr and Li resulted in some plant metal interactions.     

Response of Soil and Plant to Boron-Doped Aluminum Hydroxide

The aims of this work are to test whether boron (B) may alleviate soil acidification and aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity to rape (Brassica napus L.) in acidic soil. The Al hydroxide that reacted with borax was called ad-B-Al hydroxide. Point of zero charge (PZC) of Al hydroxide (pH 4.86) was greater than that of ad-B-Al hydroxide (pH 4.68). Compared with the control, ad-B-Al hydroxide raised the soil pH significantly by 0.10 pH units. Rape was planted in the control soil, the soil treated with Al hydroxide, and the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide. It was found that the B content of the soil and rape seedlings grown on the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide was greater than the others. Biomass production of rape seedlings grown in the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide was significantly increased compared to that in the others. These demonstrated that ad-B-Al hydroxide can be an important source of B for plants and alleviate acidity of acidic soils because it can decrease exchangeable acid and Al toxicity in soil significantly.     

酰胺类除草剂及其安全剂研究进展

本文综述了酰胺类除草剂的概况、作用机理及其安全剂的研究进展,并展望了酰胺类除草剂及其安全剂的发展前景。     

Potential of a novel antibiotic, 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate, as a biocontrol agent against fusarial wilt of crucifers

Screening for newer bioactive compounds from microbial metabolites resulted in the isolation of a novel antibiotic from the culture filtrate, Streptomyces sp 201, of a soil. The bioactive compound, with antifungal and antibacterial activity, was identified as 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate. The antifungal activity of live culture, culture broth and the isolated bioactive compound showed marked inhibition against dominant soil-borne phytopathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum Schlect, F moniliforme Sheldon, F semitectum Berkeley & Ravenel, F solani (Martius) Sacc and Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. The compound had no effect on seed germination and seedling development as displayed by root and stem growth of the test plant species. In pot experiments with seedlings of cruciferous plants such as Raphanus sativus L (radish), Brassica campestris L (yellow mustard), Brassica oleracea var botrytis L (cauliflower), the antibiotic compound showed promising protective activity of 92% when seeds of the test plants were treated at a dose of 50 micrograms ml-1 prior to sowing. Seed treatment with a spore suspension (3 x 10(8) spores ml-1) of the Streptomyces sp 201 displayed protective activity in the range of 56-60%. Seeds coated with 2.5% methyl cellulose-amended spores of the antagonist showed protective activity in the range of 64-72%. Further, seed treatment with the culture filtrate of the antagonist also showed promising protective activity in the range of 64-84%.     

枫杨幼苗对氟离子的吸收积累规律及毒性效应

【目的】探讨枫杨幼苗对氟污染的修复潜力。【方法】以枫杨当年实生幼苗为研究对象,采用溶液培养的方法,研究不同浓度、不同 pH氟离子胁迫下枫杨幼苗的根、茎、叶的氟含量、转移系数( Tf)、生物富集系数( BCF)的变化以及对枫杨幼苗的植物毒性效应。【结果】1)随着溶液氟离子浓度的升高,枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶的氟积累量逐渐升高,当溶液氟离子浓度为10 mmol·L －1时,枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶的氟积累量最高分别为1604.60,59.41,40.80 mg·kg －1。2)枫杨幼苗体内氟含量的分布存在2种情况：当培养液氟离子浓度为0.5～5 mmol·L －1时表现为根＞叶＞茎,在氟离子浓度为10 mmol·L －1时表现为根＞茎＞叶,转移系数( Tf)介于0.029～0.125之间,可能是过高的氟离子浓度使枫杨幼苗产生了严重的生理胁迫,影响了氟离子从茎向叶的运转。3)随着处理时间的增加,各处理组枫杨幼苗的相对标准蒸腾量均呈下降趋势,溶液氟离子浓度为5,10 mmol·L －1时,对枫杨幼苗蒸腾量变化的影响显著(P＜0.05),对植物的毒性效应很强。4)枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶氟积累量在酸性环境中最大,氟转移能力也最强,在中性环境中表现一般;植物在酸性、中性环境中受到的伤害较大,植物生命活力低,而在碱性条件下时,不仅对枫杨幼苗的伤害小,而且除氟效果较好、持续性强。5)为了达到最佳的处理效果,当废水中氟离子浓度≤2.5 mmol·L －1时,可以选择在酸性条件下利用枫杨来处理;当氟离子浓度为2.5～5 mmol·L －1时,可选择在碱性条件下处理废水。【结论】枫杨幼苗积累氟的能力很强,氟转移能力独特,具有很高的耐氟性,枫杨适合于水体氟污染严重区域的水体净化和植物修复。     

复合外源活性物质对小白菜除草剂毒害的缓解效应

以小白菜(Brassica rapa chinensis)为材料,研究了复合外源活性物质对两种除草剂(草甘膦和2,4-D)药害的缓解效果.结果表明,草甘膦和2,4-D胁迫后,小白菜叶片分别出现黄斑或卷叶现象,产量也有不同程度降低;而施用复合外源活性物质后其药害症状得到不同程度缓解,且二者均以稀释800倍液处理(WY800)的效果最佳,谷胱甘肽含量和抗氧化酶活性也均有不同程度提高.该结果说明该复合外源活性物质可一定程度缓解草甘膦和2,4-D在小白菜上产生的药害.     

黑龙江省长残留除草剂应用及残留药害情况调查

目前生产上使用的长残留除草剂主要有氯嘧磺隆、咪草烟、氟磺胺草醚、异噁草松和莠去津。涉及药害的作物有大豆、水稻、玉米、亚麻、马铃薯、白瓜、甜菜及一些经济作物。为改善农业生态环境和促进农业生产,对黑龙江省长残留除草剂的使用及产生残留药害的情况进行了调查。结果表明:2012年黑龙江省长残留除草剂使用商品量7 659.2t,有效量2 473.8t,可用面积305.72万hm2次。2012年全省使用有效量比2011年增加18.16%。2012年全省长残留除草剂造成的残留药害面积达65.81万hm2次,药害发生面积最多的是黑河地区,达21.09万hm2次,其次是佳木斯地区18.88万hm2次,哈尔滨地区11.17万hm2次。建议限制和减少长残留除草剂的生产和使用,推广应用降低除草剂残留的新技术。