Hydrochar and Biochar Effects on Germination of Spring Barley

Within the framework of climate change mitigation by sequestrating recalcitrant carbon in soil, biochar is considered as a promising soil amendment. Testing any such soil additives is vitally important, as they should not cause abiotic stress for plants due to chemical constituents they may contain. Thus, germination tests with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) were conducted to assess phytotoxic effects of biochar, hydrochar and process‐water from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as soil amendments. Additionally, single‐component tests with substances found in process‐waters were carried out with cress (Lepidium sativum). While biochars generally had no effect on germination, hydrochars and process‐waters significantly inhibited germination. The dissolved organic carbon content predicted the germination‐inhibiting effects observed. Three compounds resulted in partial (guaiacol) or total (levulinic acid and glycolic acid) inhibition of cress seed germination, and three others (acetic acid, glycolaldehyde dimer and catechol) had a negative impact on growth. Phytotoxic substances in chars appeared to be mostly water soluble and volatile. Pre‐treatments of hydrochars and process‐waters (i.e. storage and washing) were able to reduce germination inhibition. While phytotoxic substances that are generated during HTC stay in the products, biochars from kiln carbonization of the same feedstocks had no negative effects on germination, likely because volatiles evaporate during the conversion. Our study highlights the importance of comprehensively testing carbonized products for their compatibility with agricultural and horticultural systems.     

Efficiency of a novel gametocide amidosulfuron on rapeseed (Brassica napus)

The efficiency of a novel gametocide amidosulfuron, 1-(4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin- 2-yl) -3-mesyl (methyl) sulfamoylurea, was evaluated on rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). Double application of 0.09–0.12 g/ha amidosulfuron at the uni-nucleate stage of longest buds and 12 days later, made 97.4–100% plants male-sterile in seventeen out of 20 cultivars tested. The shrunken anthers could not release pollen or produced only dysfunctional pollen grains that could not be stained by aceto carmine. The treatment also caused 10–30% reduction on seed setting in comparison to the controls. The purity of hybrid seed from crosses of 'C161 × Huaye' and 'Zhongshuang No.2 × Huaye' based on amidosulfuron was 99.8% and 100.0%, respectively. The results suggested that amidosulfuron is an efficient gametocide for B. napus .     

战氏生物农残降解剂对玉米药害的缓解效果

为探讨减轻或缓解药害的有效方法,以玉米品种绿单2号为试材,采用战氏生物农残降解剂,研究其对玉米作物药害的缓解效果。结果表明:在受药害的玉米作物上喷施战氏生物农残降解剂,具有明显的缓解药害的作用,达到增产增收的效果,其中喷施2次战氏生物农残降解剂增产效果最好,增产达5.1%。     

The Effects of Temperature and Soil Moisture on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotype Sensitivity to Isoxaflutole

Isoxaflutole at 75 g ai ha^?1 is registered in Australia for the control of several broadleaf weeds in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Although isoxaflutole provides satisfactory control of problematic weeds, under certain conditions crop injury can occur. Higher air temperature and moisture content of soil are reported to affect the metabolism of soil applied herbicide. Controlled environment experiments were used to determine the tolerance of chickpea to isoxaflutole under a range of temperature and soil moisture levels. For the soil moisture study, the variables examined were two desi chickpea genotypes (Kyabra as a tolerant cultivar and Yorker as a sensitive cultivar), three soil moisture levels [50 % field capacity (FC), 75 % FC and FC] with three herbicide rates [0, 75 (recommended rate) and 300 g ai ha^?1]. For the temperature by soil moisture study, the variables examined were two other desi chickpea genotypes (97039‐1275 as a tolerant line and 91025‐3021 as a sensitive line), three temperature regimes (20/5, 30/15 and 35/25 °C), two soil moisture conditions (50 % FC and FC) with the same three herbicide rates. The results demonstrated that the chickpea genotypes exhibited differential tolerance to isoxaflutole, but that differences in response were affected by rate, temperature and soil moisture. Increasing temperature and soil moisture content made the susceptible chickpea genotype more vulnerable to isoxaflutole damage. Injury to the susceptible genotype in terms of increased leaf chlorosis and reduction in shoot height and dry matter production increased as soil moisture increased from 50 % FC to FC and temperature increased from 20/5 to 35/25 °C. Overall damage of the sensitive genotype from increasing rates of isoxaflutole also increased when soil moisture content increased from 50 % FC to FC within the fixed temperature regime of 30/15 °C. The sensitivity of chickpea to isoxaflutole depends on existing temperature and moisture content and the chances of crop damage were enhanced with increasing temperature and moisture levels.     

安徽省小麦药害的产生原因及防治

安徽省小麦药害主要采自于除草制药害．因此首先介绍了小麦除草剂药害症状,然后指出药害产生原因．最后提出预防与补救措施．为小麦的合理用药和增产增收提供了科学依据。     

基于物种敏感性分布（Burr-Ⅲ）模型预测Cd对水稻毒害的生态风险阈值HC5

Burr-Ⅲ型分布是一种灵活的分布函数模型,对有害物质产生毒性的物种敏感性数据有很好的拟合效果。本研究采用水培实验研究了我国常见的17种不同水稻对Cd毒性的剂量-效应关系,结合Burr—Ⅲ物种敏感性分布模型对不同水稻Cd毒性的物种敏感性分布频次和基于保护95％水稻品种的Cd毒性阈值HC5进行了预测。结果表明：水培条件下,随着Cd处理浓度（0．30 - 6．0mg·L^-1）的增加,水稻对Cd富集系数（SCV）明显下降,而转运系数（TF）呈现出增加的趋势,总体而言,杂交品种水稻对Cd的转运系数高于常规品种水稻。不同水稻对Cd胁迫的半抑制浓度阈值（EC50）变化范围为0．552—24．01mg·L^-1,不同水稻品种EC50相差1．18-43．49倍,10％抑制浓度（EC10）变化范围为0．033～1．624mg·L^-1,不同水稻品种EC50相差1．758-49．21倍。不同水稻对Cd的毒性呈现出明显的敏感性差异特征,Bur-Ⅲ分布模型预测结果表明,基于保护95％的水稻品种,Cd的10％抑制浓度值（HC5^10%）为0．045mg·L^-1,50％抑制浓度值（HC550％）为0．594mg·L^-1。研究结果为我国水稻Cd污染防治及土壤Cd质量标准的修订提供了依据。     

Changes in Anthocyanin Content as Indicator of Maize Sensitivity to Selenium

The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of exogenous selenium (Se) on anthocyanin and chlorophyll accumulation, Se content, as well as the growth of maize (Zea mays var. ‘saccharata Kcke’) cv. ‘Zlota Karlowa’ seedlings. Plants were grown hydroponically in Hoagland's nutrient solution at different pH values: 4.5, 6.2, and 7.5. Selenium was added to the solution as either selenate (Na₂SeO₄) or selenomethionine (C₅H₁₁NO₂Se) to a final concentration of: 0 (control), 5, 25, 50, and 100 μ M Se. Generally, the presence of Se in the medium caused an increase in the anthocyanin content and a simultaneous decrease of the total chlorophyll concentration depending on the Se form and dosage. Higher concentrations of anthocyanin were detected in the presence of selenomethionine than selenate, notably at pH 4.5. The effect of individual Se forms on maize seedlings, expressed on the basis of the fresh weight, indicate that selenomethionine was more phytotoxic than selenate. Selenium content both in roots and shoots increased linearly with increasing Se concentration in solution culture. However, a much higher Se level was found in the maize organs when plants were supplied with selenomethionine than selenate. Experimental evidence shows that the changes in anthocyanin content can be used as a test parameter reflecting the degree of Se toxicity in maize plants, and may be potential useful for bioindication of Se phytotoxicity in other higher plants.     

Effects of pH and selenium oxidation state on the selenium accumulation and yield of alfalfa

Experiments were performed in greenhouse sand culture to determine the effect of pH and Se oxidation state on the tissue composition and yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa was planted and irrigated with nutrient solution containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 3.0 mg Se L^‐1 as Na₂SeO₃ or Na₂SeO_l4. The solution pH was maintained at 7.0 ± 0.2 or 4.5±0.2. Three harvests were made and the shoots and roots weighed and analyzed for total Se. At the levels tested, additions of Se to the treatment solutions increased the tissue Se concentrations and depressed alfalfa shoot growth regardless of Se oxidation state or pH. Root growth was reduced in the presence of Se(VI) but was unaffected by Se(IV). Selenium was accumulated to higher concentrations in the shoot when supplied as Se(VI) compared to Se(IV) and accumulated to higher concentrations in the root when added as Se(IV) compared to Se(VI). Relative shoot yields were depressed more by Se(IV) then Se(VI) at pH 7, but there was no difference between Se(IV) and Se(VI) at pH 4.5. Relative root yields were depressed by Se(VI) but not by Se(IV).