A new plant-based bioassay for aquatic sediments

Background, Goal and Scope  To date, standardised bioassays for the assessment of the ecotoxicological potential in sediments and dredged material use test organisms like bacteria, algae and crustaceae. This paper presents the development and application of a novel sediment contact test (whole sediment) withMyriophyllum aquaticum, a representative of rooted aquatic macrophytes. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the value of a sediment contact test with rooted macrophytes as a supplement to existing test batteries in order to improve the assessment of sediment toxicity. Methods  The newly developed sediment contact test withMyriophylhim aquaticum was applied to natural whole sediments. For performing the test, whorls ofMyriophyllum aquaticum were directly planted in the native sediment and incubated in the light at 24°C (cf. section results and discussion). The end points of the test were the number of the shoots and the fresh weight of the whole plants. The duckweed growth inhibition test withLemna minor according to ISO/DIS 20079 was performed in pore waters from sediment samples. The results of the sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum were compared with each other and with those of the aquatic duckweed test. Results and Discussion  A test protocol for the new plant-based sediment contact test using the aquatic plantMyriophyllum aquaticum as an indicator was developed. The best control sediment proved to be the OECD sediment (OECD 207). A test period of 10 days appeared to be sufficient for the test. The increase of biomass and the derived growth rate were found to be the most suitable evaluation parameters. The growth behaviour ofMyriophyllum aquaticum differed depending on the origin of sediments. Therefore, plant-affecting contamination, that is bound in sediments, was indicated. Conclusions  The novel sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum can indicate phytotoxic effects in sediments. Therefore, it allows a better assessment of the overall-toxicity in whole sediments. Recommendations and Outlook  The sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological risk potential of waters and sediments. It should become a complement to a standardised test battery generally used for the assessment of sediment toxicity.     

防治肉桂枝枯病药剂的毒力测定

从肉桂的枯枝组织中分离到３个单孢菌株，经室内外致病性测定和形态鉴定，属可可毛色二孢菌（Ｌａｓｉｏｄｉｐｌｏｄｉａｔｈｅｏｂｒｏｍａｅ），是引致肉桂枝枯病的主要病原。针对这种病菌进行了室内药剂的毒力测定，筛选出５０％林病威ａｃ５００倍液，在幼林地防治效果达９５．８３％。     

有机化工废弃物的土地处理研究

本文对三种供试工业废弃物，经土地处理后表明，发光细菌毒性明显降低，有的废渣处理物毒性已消除；Ａｍｅｓ试验和发光细菌自发暗变种的遗传毒减弱，由阳性下降为阴性，或阳性程度明显减弱。     

Effect of nutrients and liming on changes in pH,redox potential,and uptake of iron and manganese by wetland rice in iron-toxic soil

In a greenhouse experiment, the nutrients NPK, NPK + lime, K, and Mn were applied to an iron-toxic soil (Typic Haplastulf). Soil pH and dry matter production were increased and Eh and available Fe in the soil were decreased. Though liming the soil decreased available Fe and Mn and increased pH to the greatest extent, the highest dry matter production was obtained with NPK application. NPK + lime produced a smaller yield than NPK without lime. Though the application of K or Mn alone produced much less dry matter than NPK or NPK + lime, no symptoms of Fe toxicity were observed. We conclude that Fe toxicity can be reduced with a balanced use of fertilizers (NPK or NPK + lime) and its occurrence was mostly due to nutrient stress.     

铜污染对高等植物的生理毒害作用研究

本文综述了当前国内外Cu污染对高等植物生理毒害的研究近况,探讨了Cu过量对植物光合作用、细胞结构、细胞分裂、酶学系统和其他营养元素的吸收等的影响,并探讨了该方面研究存在的不足及其展望。     

The toxic mixing zone of neutral and acidic river water: Acute aluminium toxicity in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

Mixing of acid river water containing aluminium (pH 5.1, Al 345 g.l^–1) with neutral water of a lake (pH 7.0, Al 73 g.l^–1) resulted in water (pH 6.4, Al 245 g.l^–1) with a pH (6.4) and Al concentration (245 g.l^–1) expected to have low toxicity to fish on the basis of current Al toxicity models. However, under semi-field conditions the freshly mixed water (a few sec. after mixing) proved to be highly toxic to brown trout. The fish were exposed to the water at different places along a 30 m channel. At the beginning of the channel acid and neutral water were continuously mixed; the mixed water left the channel after 340 sec. The cells of the gills showed a highly increased rate of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Intercellular spaces were enlarged, and many leucocytes penetrated in these spaces. Mucus release was stimulated to depletion. Plasma chloride levels were hardly affected. There was a clear gradient in the deleterious effects on the fish along the channel. The fish at the beginning of the channel (about 12 sec. after mixing of the water), were severely affected, whereas the fish kept at the end of the channel (340 sec. after mixing) were only mildly affected. In the natural situation fish will relatively quickly pass through a mixing zone. In our study we therefore focused on the effects on fish after a 60 min exposure to a mixing zone (5 sec after mixing), with subsequent recovery in a region downstream of the confluence and in neutral water with low Al. The recovery in the downstream area (at the end of the channel, i.e. 5 min after mixing) was clearly hampered when compared to the recovery in neutral water with low aluminium. Thus, a short exposure to the toxic mixing zone followed by a stay in water downstream of this zone, as may occur in nature, is detrimental to migrating trout. We conclude that freshly mixed acid and neutral water contain toxic components during the first seconds to minutes after mixing, that can not be explained by current models on aluminium toxicity.     

新饲料添加剂N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖的急性毒性研究

【目的】研究N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖对鸡的急性毒性,评价该药的安全性;【方法】以最大浓度的N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖(10.5%),按20ml/(kg·bw)(2.1g/(kg·bw)/次)剂量24h内给鸡灌服;【结果】给药后连续观察7天,各组试验鸡全部存活,临床、剖检均未见到异常变化,测不出LD50,根据新药审批办法中关于急性毒性的要求,进行最大耐受量的测定。鸡灌服给予N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖的最大耐受量为10.5g/(kg·bw),相当于临床拟用量的3500倍;【结论】N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖毒副作用很小,临床可以安全应用。     

六种杀菌剂对西瓜炭疽病菌的毒力测定

采用生长速率法测定80%代森锌可湿性粉剂zineb、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂等6种杀菌剂对西瓜炭疽病菌(Colletetrichum orbicalare)的毒力,咪鲜胺锰盐和多菌灵的毒力最高,其EC50分别为0.2255和1.7510 mg·L-1;咪鲜胺锰盐和多菌灵对西瓜炭疽病菌的联合毒力测定结果表明两药以6:1和3:1混配,具有增效作用。     

乳源康的急性毒性和抗炎活性研究

研究了治疗奶牛乳房炎新型中草药制剂—乳源康注射液的急性毒性和抗炎活性,用不同剂量的乳源康注射液分别进行了小白鼠灌胃和腹腔注射的急性毒性试验,结果显示灌胃时制剂的 LD50为 36.80 g/kg,其 95 %可信限为 32.12~41.47 g/kg;腹腔注射时其制剂的 LD50:13.85 g/kg,95 %可信限为 12.76~14.94 g/kg,表明乳源康注射液实际无毒;用小鼠耳廓肿胀法,观察了乳源康和氢化可的松的抗炎活性试验,结果表明乳源康对二甲苯所致小鼠急性耳廓肿胀有明显抑制作用(P<0.05),其抗炎药效和氢化可的松的相同。     

氯氰菊酯对鲤鱼亚急性毒性研究

采用室内饲养方法,研究氯氰菊酯杀虫剂对鲤鱼的亚急性毒性效应。鲤鱼幼鱼经急性毒性试验和0、0.28、0.58、1.14μg·L-1氯氰菊酯暴露35d后,测定生长指标并对鳃组织病理切片进行观察。结果表明,氯氰菊酯对鲤鱼幼鱼的96hLC50为12.6μg·L-1;在1.14μg·L-1浓度组,可以明显地观察到氯氰菊酯对鲤鱼生长的抑制作用,在0.58和1.14μg·L-1浓度组,可以观察到鳃组织有明显损伤。因此氯氰菊酯对鲤鱼的最大允许浓度为0.28～0.58μg·L-1。