多因素控制下渭北旱地小麦产量寻优的研究

在陕西渭北旱塬进行了连续三年定点小麦田间试验,通过栽培模式、氮肥水平、种植密度三因素的不同处理,研究多因素小麦栽培优化组合.结果表明:采用垄沟、覆膜、秸杆覆盖栽培模式对小麦穗数不产生影响;施用氮肥能极显著地影响小麦穗数,在施纯氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,每增减纯氮1 kg,增减穗数4 288;增加播量,极明显地提高小麦穗数;不同的栽培模式、氮肥用量和小麦种植密度对小麦的穗粒数不产生影响;覆膜栽培与垄沟栽培之间千粒重差异显著,种植密度对小麦千粒重在不同的条件下影响明显,覆膜栽培条件下,高氮肥水平,低密度(播种量180 kg/hm2)的千粒重大于高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2),垄沟模式下,高氮水平(施纯氮240 kg/hm2)与中氮水平(施纯氮120 kg/hm2)之间差异不显著,但与不施氮肥相比,千粒重明显提高,秸秆覆盖模式下,高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2)与不施氮、高氮水平组合的平均千粒重最低,两者差异不显著,但与其它各组合差异显著.正常降水年份,旱地小麦采用一定的农业栽培模式,能够显著影响小麦的产量,尤其是覆膜下,产量显著高于对照;降水量多的年份,采用垄沟模式及秸秆覆盖模式对小麦产量甚至产生负效应.施用氮肥对小麦产量有极显著影响,在施纯氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,每增减纯氮1 kg,增减籽粒产量5.7 kg;种植密度对小麦籽粒产量与生物产量的影响显著,秸秆覆盖栽培和常规栽培(对照)模式下籽粒产量差异显著,产量排列次序都为高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2)大于低密度(播种量180 kg/hm2),低氮和不施氮时,增加密度,可提高产量.     

免耕覆盖夏玉米耗水特性及土壤环境变化研究

2002～2003年在西北农林科技大学灌溉试验站夏玉米田进行了小麦秸秆不同覆盖量的大田试验.通过不同覆盖处理对夏玉米的耗水特性及土壤水热环境变化影响的研究,表明采用完全覆盖可使作物耗水减少27.6%、产量增加21.22%、1 m土壤含水率提高37%,覆盖焚烧处理耗水量高于免耕覆盖10%～41%.另外,利用秸秆免耕覆盖比覆盖焚烧土壤的速效氮、速效磷、速效钾均有所提高.最后,从节约资源和改善环境污染的角度分析了秸秆覆盖对土壤环境的影响.     

Hydraulic conductivity and porosity under conventional and no-tillage and the effect of three species of cover crop in northern France

We studied soil hydraulic conductivity (K) and porosity in five combinations of soil tillage and cover crop management systems. Treatments were winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on a conventionally tilled soil (CT), on a no‐till soil (NT), and on an NT with three different cover crops: red fescue (Festuca rubra L.; Fr), bird's‐foot‐trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; Lc) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Ms). Measurements were made on a loamy soil in Grignon, France, in November 2004, May 2005 and October 2005. K and mean size of hydraulically active pores were measured in situ at three water potentials (?0.6, ?0.2 and ?0.05 kPa) at the soil surface and at 10 cm depth. In November 2004 and May 2005, pore space was described using 2D image analysis of pores on undisturbed soil samples in the 0–10 cm layer and in the 10–20 cm layer. The major differences were caused by soil tillage that created two heterogeneous soil layers and increased K in the 0–10 cm layer relative to NT. The effects of cover crop on K and porosity were not affected by the root type: there were no major differences between the grass cover crop (fibrous‐root type) and the leguminous ones (tap‐root type). However, we recorded larger functional pores and more tubules in the no‐till treatments with a cover crop, compared with the no‐till treatment without cover crop; this was probably the result of root activity. Although these changes generally did not result in larger values of K, they participated in the maintenance of soil structure and K over time.     

秸秆粉碎还田回收机性能试验

在棉田对秸秆粉碎还田回收机进行机具性能试验,选定留茬高度、秸秆粉碎长度和抛送距离作为主要的性能指标,通过一系列正交试验和理论分析,用直观分析法和方差分析法揭示了影响秸秆粉碎还田机性能的主要因素.与实际生产相结合,确定了最优的参数组合,即秸秆粉碎还田回收机在刀辊的转速为1800 r/min,粉碎机具前进速度为5.4 km/h,甩刀刀刃离地最小间隙为8cm.实验结果表明,机具有较优的性能指标,为整机的设计研究提供了理论依据.     

Alley cropping and mulching withErythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook andGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.: effects on maize/weed competition

The potential of allye cropping systems to sustain a high productivity with low external inputs and the reduction of maize/weed competition through weed suppression in different alley cropping and sole-cropped mulched systems was studied in Costa Rica at CATIE. Data were recorded eight years after establishment of the experiment. Plant residues ofErythrina poeppigiana trees (10 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 3 m reduced weed biomass by 52%, whileGliricidia sepium trees (12 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 0.5 m reduced weed biomass by 28%, in comparison to controls.Erythrina had a considerable impact on grass weeds, whileGliricidia reduced the incidence of some dicot weeds. Weed competition significantly reduced maize yield in all systems. Nevertheless weed suppression contributed to the higher maize grain yield underErythrina andGliricidia alley cropping of 3.8 t per hectare as opposed to the unmulched control yield of 2.0 t per hectare.     

Quality and decomposition of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) mulch for temperate alley cropping systems

Black locust and alfalfa mulch quality were characterized over a 9-week period of decomposition. Both mulch materials were harvested with a forage harvester. The black locust material was harvested from trees annually coppiced for four years, the alfalfa from a preflorescent second cutting. Two identical, adjacent experiments were conducted, one on each mulch source. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications for this single factor experiment. Fifty grams fresh weight of both mulch types were placed in litter bags, made of 98% shade cloth, a woven plastic with holes approximately 1×0.5 mm. The treatments included two placements of the mulch material, surface and buried. Sampling took place on weeks 0, 1, 3, 6, and 9.The incorporation of mulch materials appears to accelerate dry weight loss. From an initial dry weight of 44.25 g, the buried black locust mulch averaged 4.58 g, while the surface mulch averaged 7.41 g by week 6. The alfalfa mulch initially weighed 40.99g, with buried mulch averaging 1.75 g and surface mulch averaging 4.08 g by week 9.Carbon concentration of alfalfa mulch increased with time in both mulch placements from 43.6% to 57.6% and 51.8% in surface and buried mulch, respectively. Black locust, with an initial carbon concentration of 46.9% increased to 55.9% for the buried mulch and to 53.89% in surface mulch. Nitrogen concentrations increased as well in buried mulch. Lignin concentrations increased dramatically over time for both species of mulch. Black locust lignin concentrations rose from 13.11% to 51.0% (buried) and 32.9% (surface); alfalfa mulch lignin concentrations rose from 6.67% to 31.4% (buried) and 47.7% (surface).     

Nutrient composition of the leaf biomass of three selected woody leguminous species

In order to assess the value of leaf biomass the foliar nutrient content of Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Flemingia macrophylla was studied under field conditions. In total 5 series of leaf samples were collected and analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium content over a period of 42 months of growth observation. Results are compared with mean values derived from a literature study. Factors contributing to the variation observed are discussed and suggestions towards variation control are made.     

水稻秸秆双轴深埋还田机设计与试验

针对北方寒地稻田在秸秆还田作业时,传统单轴机具难以适应覆有大量秸秆的湿黏土壤条件,作业质量难以满足实际作业需求的问题,设计了一种前轴正旋、后轴反旋的新型水稻秸秆双轴深埋还田机。结合实际农艺要求及土壤运动过程确定前后刀轴中心水平距离650 mm、竖直距离100 mm,并对整机进行配置。运用EDEM仿真软件模拟还田机工作过程,以前进速度、前轴转速、后轴转速为试验因素,以秸秆还田率和机具功耗为评价指标进行正交试验,建立秸秆还田率及机具功耗回归方程。利用Design-Expert分析软件得到最优参数组合,根据仿真优化结果及实际加工需求确定最优工作参数为：前进速度1.5 km/h、前轴转速274.2 r/min、后轴转速219.4 r/min,为后续田间试验提供理论支撑。田间试验结果表明,在留茬高度为15～20 cm、地表秸秆覆盖量为468～578 g/m²、拖拉机前进作业速度为低速1挡(1.5 km/h)时,水稻秸秆双轴深埋还田机还田率为88.7%～91.2%、地面平整度为1.8～2.4 cm、碎土率为97.7%～98.8%、耕深为16.6～19.5 cm,各项指标均满足...     

膜下滴灌水氮空间调控对机采棉群体塑造及产量的影响

【目的】研究膜下滴灌水氮空间调控对机采棉群体塑造及产量的影响。【方法】以新陆中66号为供试品种,试验采用大田裂区试验设计,主区为膜内不同滴灌带条数,分别为2、3和5条（分别标记为G₂、G₃、G₅）;副区为不同施氮量,分布为0、238、317、396 kg/hm²（分别标记为N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃）,研究棉花生育期内不同水氮处理对群体指标、叶面积指数、干物质积累、产量和氮肥农学效应的影响。【结果】施氮量对机采棉群体塑造影响极显著,滴灌带布置条数对茎粗和果枝始节高度有显著影响;增加布管数量和施氮量可增加机采棉的叶面积指数,并在生育中后期达到显著影响;机采棉地上部分干物质积累量、单株铃数、单铃重、衣分和籽棉产量均随着施氮量的增加而呈单峰趋势,在N₂水平下有最大值;滴灌带条数和施氮量的交互作用对果枝始节果枝始节高度、吐絮初期干物质积累量和产量的影响显著。【结论】水氮空间调控会显著影响棉花群体塑造和产量。适合“10 cm-66 cm-10 cm-66 cm-10 cm”机采棉模式的水氮组合为G₅N₂;考虑种植成本,也可选用G₃N₂组合,但需要适当提高其灌水频率,并对应减少灌水定额。     

不同覆盖物对红松播种苗床土壤特性及育苗效果的影响

为了解不同覆盖物对红松播种苗床土壤日蒸发量、土壤表层温度和种子出苗率及幼苗生长的影响,开展了不同覆盖物红松播种试验。结果表明:不同覆盖物下土壤日蒸发量由大到小依次为CK、河沙、草炭土、松针、锯末和豆秸;河沙覆盖的土壤表层温度最高,其次是松针覆盖,豆秸覆盖的最低,锯末和草炭土覆盖下的土壤温度两者相差不大;松针、草炭土、豆秸覆盖能显著提高土壤养分,锯末、河沙覆盖对土壤养分影响不大;河沙和松针覆盖下的红松出苗率较高,草炭土、锯末、豆秸覆盖下的较低;松针覆盖的苗木生长势最好,豆秸次之,草炭土、锯末和河沙覆盖的较差。