鸡粪菌渣好氧堆肥过程中氨氧化古菌及氨氧化细菌群落的动态变化

以amo A基因为标记,通过Real-Time PCR和限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)法对鸡粪菌渣好氧堆肥过程中的氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)进行了丰度及群落结构的分析。结果表明,在堆制初期、好氧发酵高温期及后熟期,AOB的amo A基因丰度均占主导优势,是AOA的38~992倍。进入好氧发酵高温期,AOA amo A基因丰度下降至发酵前的0.9%,AOB下降至17.6%,后熟期AOA与AOB的amo A基因丰度与好氧发酵高温期相当。在上述3个阶段AOA与AOB各自存在一个绝对优势菌群,分别为Cluster 3和Nitrosomonas europaea,其中Cluster 3克隆子数目分别占整个克隆文库的70.73%、54.28%、72.45%,Nitrosomonas europaea克隆子数目分别占整个克隆文库的78.44%、93.20%、94.27%。堆肥3个阶段AOA的多样性指数变化不大,Shannon-Wiener值维持在1.53~1.60,但群落结构发生明显演替,随着堆肥温度升高,堆肥前期的一些菌群(Cluster 4、Cluster 5、Cluster 6)逐渐消失,新的菌群Cluster 1出现并成为堆肥中后期的第二大优势菌群。AOB无论是多样性指数还是群落组成,都发生剧烈的变化。AOB在堆肥前期Shannon-Wiener指数值最大(1.47),种群数最多(6个基因簇,分别为Nitrosomonas europaea Cluster,Nitrosomonas halophila Cluster,Nitrosomonas communis Cluster,Nitrosomonas nitrosa Cluster,Nitrosospira briensis Cluster,Nitrosospira multiformis Cluster);进入高温发酵期,Shannon-Wiener下降至0.45,群落结构单一,只有Nitrosomonas europaea Cluster和Nitrosomonas halophila Cluster;进入后熟期,AOB多样性及种群数得到一定程度的回升。     

Estimated nitrogen use efficiency,surplus, and partitioning in young apple trees grown in varied organic production systems

A certified organic apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on nitrogen (N) use efficiency and N surplus in the Southern U.S. for three years. Trees treated with green compost (GC) and wood chips (WC), regardless of the NS, had greater N accumulation and leaf N use efficiency compared to the shredded paper or mow-and-blow treated trees. The WC-treated trees had comparably low N surplus relative to the GC trees that induced more [NO₃⁻] in soil or soil solution in the rooting zone in September in year 3. GC trees had the highest [NO₃⁻] mineralization in the soil during winter. GMS had greater overall effects on the tree response variables than did the NS.     

柱状田头菇研究进展

对柱状田头菇(Agrocybe aegerita)的生物学特性、人工培养驯化及生物活性物质等方面进行了综述,旨在为柱状田头菇的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

香菇菌株遗传多样性ISSR、RAPD和SRAP综合分析

采用ISSR、RAPD和SRAP分子标记技术对收集到的26株供试香菇(Lentinula edodes)菌株进行遗传多样性分析,将分析数据合并构建UPGMA亲缘关系树状图,综合分析结果表明,26株供试香菇菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.49～0.97,在相似系数0.61时可分为3个类群,具有相似遗传背景或来源于野生资源的菌株优先聚类在同一亚群,由5株野生菌株组成的第三类群与21株主栽菌株相似系数仅为0.50,存在非常明显的遗传差异.该试验结果表明:该方法可以更好地解释供试香菇菌株间的亲缘关系;加强野生香菇种质资源的评价和鉴定研究,将有利于我国现有主栽香菇的品种改良和培育出具有自主知识产权的优良香菇新品种.     

转化桑叶的毛头鬼伞子实体的降血糖作用

研究了转化桑叶的毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)子实体对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病小鼠体重、血糖、血清胰岛素、肝糖原、果糖胺、血脂代谢、体内氧化压力、肝脏中糖代谢酶活性等的影响.转化桑叶的鸡腿菇子实体提高了单一毛头鬼伞子实体或桑叶的降血糖作用,促进了胰岛素分泌,降低了体内氧化压力,提高了糖代谢的酶活性,但对血脂调节作用不显著.     

Characterization and partial purification of a bacteriocin‐like substance produced by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis H1 isolated from cow manure compost

The production and partial characterization of bacteriocin‐like substances (BLSs) produced by bacteria isolated from cow manure compost were investigated. Eight BLS producers, which exhibited inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria, were isolated from cow manure compost at different stages of the composting process. The pile temperature ranged from 9.1°C to 73.2°C. The BLSs showed thermostability, but the BLS producers were not thermostable except for the H1 producer. Thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis H1 was further characterized. The culture supernatant of B. licheniformis H1 exhibited antagonistic activity against various species of Gram‐positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19111 but not against Gram‐negative bacteria except Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC11251. Inactivation of bacteriocin‐like activity by α‐chymotrypsin, trypsin, and papain was highly significant (P < 0.001). The BLS was found to be stable under a pH range from 3 to 9 and at temperatures up to 75°C for 60 min, but it lost activity after being autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. The optimum production of BLS by B. licheniformis H1 was obtained at a temperature of 55°C. Sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide electrophoresis analysis of concentrated partially purified supernatants collected after resting the bacterial cells at 55°C revealed a bacteriocin‐like protein with a molecular mass of approximately 3.5 kDa. This study is the first report of a BLS from thermophilic B. licheniformis with an animal compost origin.     

平菇栽培料中添加胡萝卜樱试验

以生产上常用配方为对照,在平菇栽培料中添加2％～6％的胡萝卜樱,以菌丝长速、子实体产量等为指标进行对比,研究平菇生产中胡萝卜樱的最佳添加比例.结果表明:在平菇生产中,可以添加2％～6％胡萝卜樱,其中添加4％效果最好,生产上应重点推广使用;处理2(胡萝卜樱添加量2％)、处理4(胡萝卜樱添加量6％)和处理1 (CK)差异不显著;处理3(胡萝卜樱添加量4％),菌丝长速指标显著高于处理1 (CK).     

云南省部分地区食用菌重金属含量的分析及评价

对云南文山和保山市售13种鲜食用茵样品中的铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的含量进行了检测,并结合国家卫生质量标准(GB 7096-2003)及《绿色食品-食用菌》NY/T 749-2003,对被测食用菌中的重金属含量进行安全评价.结果表明:产自文山和昆明的被检食用茵样品中As、Cd、Pd的含量严重超出国家卫生限量标准,产自保山的食用菌重金属Cd含量严重超标,As、Pd在部分样品中也超标.该研究对云南省食用菌生产市场安全性质量控制提出了警示.     

菌糠栽培对温室番茄生长发育和干物质积累的影响

为摸清菌糠在无土栽培中的应用效果,以菌糠、炉渣、河沙不同配比的栽培基质进行日光温室越冬茬番茄“印第安”的种植试验,研究栽培基质对番茄植株性状和干物质积累量的影响.结果表明:在营养生长期番茄的株高平均日增长1.0 cm以上,定植后90 d株高均达100 cm左右,茎粗达1.0 cm左右,株幅达50 cm以上,果穗达4穗,定植后140 d测得植株总鲜重都在200 g左右,干重30～40 g之间,干鲜比16.21％～17.86％,根冠比10.14％～12.93％,各生长发育性状处理间差异不大.说明以菌糠为主的3个不同配比栽培基质,均能满足番茄植株的正常生长和发育.     

喷施蔗糖基聚合物对平菇产量和品质的影响

试验在平菇子实体生长期间采用不同浓度的蔗糖基聚合物进行喷施处理,研究其对平菇产量和品质影响。结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,蔗糖基聚合物对平菇具有显著的增产增效作用。尤以浓度为2%的处理效果最好,鲜菇可增产23.8%,生物效率提高17.8%;子实体营养成分多糖、蛋白质和维生素C含量也分别提高32.1%、31.3%和3.1%;此外一些对人体重要矿物元素（Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu）的含量也均有明显提高。