尕海泥炭地退化过程中土壤渗透特征的变化

由于恶劣的气候条件和过度的放牧、修建公路等因素,尕海泥炭湿地退化严重,泥炭地质量和生态作用持续下降。本研究采用空间分布代替时间序列的方法,对该区域4种不同退化程度下泥炭湿地土壤渗透性能的变化进行分析研究,从而进一步评价与揭示退化过程中泥炭地的生态功能。结果表明:在前35 min,泥炭地土壤入渗速率曲线在各土壤分层中的变化情况不一;0~10 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤入渗速率曲线变化稳定且都表现为未退化的优于退化土壤;而10~20 cm土层土壤入渗速率曲线变化复杂多变,无明显规律。0~40 cm泥炭土中,植被退化对各层土壤渗透特征的影响不一,在0~10 cm土层,植被未退化土壤的初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透系数和渗透总量与其他退化土壤渗透特征差异性显著;10~20 cm土层,未退化的土壤稳渗率、渗透速率、渗透系数与渗透量随着植被的退化程度呈“∽”形态波动变化;0~40 cm土层,土壤稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透系数和渗透总量均随着植被的退化,呈现出逐级递减的规律。土壤平均渗透速率与土壤孔隙度呈一定的正显著相关,而与土壤初始含水量之间无明显的相关性。保护高寒泥炭地生态系统,对于尕海畜牧业可持续发展和我国陆地生态系统碳库具有极重要的意义。     

手性异丙甲草胺在土壤中的选择性降解

Separation of chiral enantiomers and the dissipation of rac-metolachlor and S-metolachlor in soil were evaluated using achiral high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and chiral gas chromatography （GC） methods. Under the experimental conditions the possible metabolite was considered to be N-（2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl）-2-hydroxy-acetamide. Because of the presence of two chiral elements （asymmetrically substituted carbon and chiral axis）, the baseline separation of metolachlor enantiomers was not achieved. S-metolachlor degraded faster in soil than rac-metolachlor. After a 42-day incubation, 73.4% of rac-metolachlor and 90.0% of S-metolachlor were degraded. However, due to the absence of biological processes the degradation process in sterilized soil showed no enantioselectivity. The results indicated that enantioselective degradations could greatly affect the environmental fate of metolachlor and should be considered when the environmental behavior of these compounds was assessed.     

侵蚀引起的苏南坡地土壤退化

Soil erosion accelerates soil degradation. Some natural soils and cultivated soils on sloping land in southern Jiangsu Province, China were chosen to study soil degradation associated with erosion. Soil erosion intensity was investigated using the ¹³⁷Cs tracer method. Soil particle-size distribution, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were measured, and the effects of erosion on soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed statistically using SYSTAT8.0. Results indicated that erosion intensity of cultivated soils was greater than that of the natural soils, suggesting that cultivation increased soil loss. Erosion also led to an increase of coarser soil particle proportion, especially in natural soils. In addition, silt was the primary soil particle lost due to erosion. However, in cultivated fields, coarser soil particles over time were attributed not only to soil erosion but also to mechanical eluviation as a result of farming activities. Moreover, erosion caused a decrease in soil OM, TN and TP as well as thinning of the soil layer.     

Dispersal of the endangered flightless beetle Dorcadion fuliginator (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in spatially realistic landscapes

Habitat destruction and degradation are the major causes for the decline of the endangered grass-feeding beetle Dorcadion fuliginator in Central Europe. In the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley (border region of Switzerland, Germany and France) the habitat suitable for this flightless beetle has been reduced to small remnants of extensively managed dry grassland, usually surrounded by intensively cultivated agricultural fields or settlements. Using a mark-release-resight technique we examined movement patterns in three D. fuliginator populations to obtain basic information on the dispersal ability and longevity of this beetle. Estimated daily survival rates ranged from 88.8% to 90.8% in the populations examined. This corresponds to a mean life span of 10.5 days. Distances moved by D. fuliginator differed among populations. The beetles walked the largest distances in the verges of a field track. Several beetles moved distances of 20-100 m along the track, with a maximum distance of 218 m (a male in 12 days). The shortest displacements were recorded in the bank of the river Rhine, a narrow habitat surrounded by tarmac roads. We also assessed the spatial arrangement of 12 patches with D. fuliginator populations in two regions and estimated the size of each population over 4 years. Data on dispersal, daily survival, population size and spatial arrangement of patches were used to simulate patch-specific migration rates. The simulations suggested that in both areas the beetles regularly moved between neighbouring patches separated by distances shorter than 100 m, whereas patches separated by distances exceeding 500 m are isolated.     

西藏自治区北部草地退化驱动力系统分析--西藏自治区那曲县试验区

在阐述草地驱动力系统含义与结构的基础上，运用因子分析的方法对草地退化主要影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明，自然环境的变化是试验区草地退化的根本原因，决定了草地生态系统逆向演替的总体趋势；不合理人类活动是草地退化的主要驱动因素，决定了自然条件基本相同地区的草地退化强度的空间分异。根据对草地退化的影响程度，对各影响因素排序为：蒸发量／降水量〉年均降水量〉牧业产值〉人口数量〉大风日数〉年均气温〉牲畜出栏率〉牲畜总量。     

Effects of vegetation cover on the tendency of soil to crust in South Africa

Abstract. Tendency to crust is a potentially useful index for assessing soil degradation and for assisting land use planning in South Africa. In this study, the influence of land use, geology and vegetation cover on the tendency of soil to form a surface crust was investigated in six vegetation types. Crusting at all sites was greater in exposed soils than soils under vegetation, as determined by infiltration rate, water dispersible clay and modulus of rupture. In Renosterveld, crusting was markedly greater in exposed soil than vegetation covered soil (mean infiltration 16 vs 44 mm h⁻¹; dispersible clay 2.6 vs 2.2%; modulus of rupture 121 vs 64 kPa). Greater crusting in exposed soil was attributed to lower soluble salt and labile carbon (C) contents and an associated increase in the dispersion of clay. In Karoo, crusting of exposed, shale-derived soils was greater than that of exposed, dolerite-derived soils (infiltration 40 vs 83 mm h⁻¹; dispersible clay 2 vs 1.2%), and a similar pattern was evident in Tall Grassveld (infiltration 18 vs 36 mm h⁻¹; dispersible clay 1.2 vs 0.9%; modulus of rupture 31 vs 21 kPa). In Upland Grassland, cultivation of maize and rye enhanced crusting. In Thicket, crusting was greater in soils from open, degraded vegetation than intact, densely wooded sites (infiltration 19 vs 51 mm h⁻¹; modulus of rupture 16 vs 34 kPa), probably due to lower content of soil C. In Bushveld, crusting was greater in annually burnt plots than unburnt plots (infiltration 109 vs 163 mm h⁻¹; dispersible clay 0.9 vs 0.6% on granite-derived soils; and infiltration 56 vs 72 mm h⁻¹; dispersible clay 1.5 vs 1.3% on basalt-derived soils). Greater crusting of soil from burnt plots was ascribed to a reduction in soil C and soluble salts as well as a greater exchangeable sodium percentage.     

中国东南部丘陵红壤地区的土地可持续利用

In the present work,an integrated analysis of natural and socio-economic conditions in the hilly red soil region of southeastern China is made by means of a Geographic Information System.Particular emphasis lies on soil degradation and other adverse ecological and environmental effects of the prevalent and irrational land-use systems of mono-and valley-agriculture in the region.Moreover,taking into account the simultaneous existence of enormous potentials and serious constraints and the high diversity and complexity of the biophysical and socio-economic environments,a set of strategies and countermeasures are also proposed for appropriate management of environmental resources,in terms of maintaining harmony between utilization and coservation of the natural environment,including 1) adjustment of the agricultural structure and optimization of ecological patterns of stereo-agriculture;2) improvement and integrated exploitation of the low-yield lands and wastelands;3) ehabilitation and conservation of soil and water resources;and 4) establishment of production bases of tropical and subtropical cash crops and fruits.     

Gradual Fall of s-Triazine Herbicides in Drinking and Wastewater Samples as Influenced by Light and Temperature

The effect of light and temperature on the dissipation of four s-triazine herbicides (terbuthylazine, simazine, atrazine and prometryn) was studied in drinking and wastewaters during long-term laboratory incubation (4 months), and by comparing the results with those obtained in purified water (Milli-Q). Residues were analyzed by GC-NPD and confirmed by GC-MSD. A micro on-line method for isolating the herbicide residues was used. The results showed that temperature and light had a certain influence on the behaviour of the s-triazine herbicides. In drinking water, prometryn dissipated more rapidly than the other compounds under all laboratory conditions (t _1/2= 75–128 days), while atrazine showed the highest degree of persistence (t _1/2= 132–227 days). In general, atrazine was the least (t _1/2= 90–142 days) and simazine the most (t _1/2= 118–278 days) persistent compound in Milli-Q and wastewater. Only in the case of atrazine in drinking water was the remaining percentage at the end of the experiment higher than 50% (53–69%). Dissolved organic substances in wastewater (DOC, 53.3 mg l^–1) appear to be particularly important in the photosensitization process. The time required to reach the maximum admissible concentration (MAC) according to European legislation (0.1 g l^–1) ranged from 3 to 10 years for prometryn and atrazine, respectively, in drinking water depending on the used conditions.     

Influence of organic by-products and nitrogen source on chemical and microbiological status of an agricultural soil

We assessed the influence of the addition of four municipal or agricultural by-products (cotton gin waste, ground newsprint, woodchips, or yard trimmings), combined with two sources of nitrogen (N), [ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) or poultry litter] as carbon (C) sources on active bacterial, active fungal and total microbial biomass, cellulose decomposition, potential net mineralization of soil C and N and soil nutrient status in agricultural soils. Cotton gin waste as a C source promoted the highest potential net N mineralization and N turnover. Municipal or agricultural by-products as C sources had no affect on active bacterial, active fungal or total microbial biomass, C turnover, or the ratio of net C:N mineralized. Organic by-products and N additions to soil did not consistently affect C turnover rates, active bacterial, active fungal or total microbial biomass. After 3, 6 or 9 weeks of laboratory incubation, soil amended with organic by-products plus poultry litter resulted in higher cellulose degradation rates than soil amended with organic by-products plus NH₄NO₃. Cellulose degradation was highest when soil was amended with newsprint plus poultry litter. When soil was amended with organic by-products plus NH₄NO₃, cellulose degradation did not differ from soil amended with only poultry litter or unamended soil. Soil amended with organic by-products had higher concentrations of soil C than soil amended with only poultry litter or unamended soil. Soil amended with organic by-products plus N as poultry litter generally, but not always, had higher extractable P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations than soil amended with poultry litter or unamende soil. Agricultural soil amended with organic by-products and N had higher extractable N, P, K, Ca and Mg than unamended soil. Since cotton gin waste plus poultry litter resulted in higher cellulose degradation and net N mineralization, its use may result in faster increase in soil nutrient status than the other organic by-products and N sources that were tested. Received: 15 May 1996     

土地退化对全球粮食安全的威胁及防治对策

从宏观的角度阐述了全球土地退化状况及其对土地生产力的影响和对粮食安全的威胁 ,并针对不同的土地利用类型提出防治土地退化的对策