广元市油橄榄产业运行模式探讨

为加快广元市油橄榄产业的健康、快速发展，通过调查研究，对油橄榄产业建设中“公司 基地 农户”运作模式在运行机制、政策、资金、生产技术、农村经济合作组织等方面的现状进行了分析，指出了油橄榄产业发展尚存在的问题，并结合实际对油橄榄产业今后发展的思路和在“公司 基地 农户”利益联结机制、农村经济合作组织建设、标准化生产等方面的对策措施提出了建议。     

Tropical Tree Growth and Longevity: Validation of Growth Simulation,a Bootstrapping Model

ABSTRACT

Growth Simulation, an analytical modeling technique, has been increasingly used in ecological studies and practical forestry applications where dendrochronology is not applicable. The technique uses randomly sampled diameter increments from tagged trees over a known time interval to assemble a statistical sample of lifetime growth trajectories. We carried out a validation of Growth Simulation using a temperate species in order to compare indirect model outputs with direct tree ring analysis. Rings were measured on sample disks cut from 55 pine branches ranging in age from 8–36 years. Assessments included lifetime growth rates, growth rate with respect to diameter and age, periodic annual increment (PAI), cross-referencing of rings by date, and autocorrelation of growth over successive periods. Tree ring analysis and Growth Simulation showed close correspondence for all parameters tested (maximum, median, and minimum growth rates; longevity estimates). Growth Simulation is found to be a robust and informative technique for studies of tropical tree growth, and is especially useful where analysis of tree rings is not feasible or when bootstrapping analysis of ring data is of interest.     

三江平原蒙古栎次生林效应带生态功能模拟

以三江平原试验区为背景,采用植物生态场技术开展次生林效应带生态功能模拟,研究结果表明:蒙古栎林6m效应带产生斑块效应,8m效应带出现边缘效应;4m,6m和8m带的光能利用与风流动模式与效应带的分布方位关系密切,根据光能利用效率总结出蒙古栎林效应带依照8 m带→6m带→4m带逐步演化。     

Comparison of the modified Weibull and Richards growth function for developing site index equations

A site index model based on the Weibull cumulative distribution function was fitted to three stem analysis data sets of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) BSP), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The resulting equations were compared with those based on the modified Richards' (1959) biological growth function (Ek 1971; Payandeh 1977, 1978). The Weibull-type model performed as well as or better than the biological growth function for white spruce and aspen, respectively, but it performed less accurately in the case of black spruce. The Weibull-type model appears to behave better, i.e., it produces more realistic height growth patterns, than the Richards function upon extrapolation particularly at young ages.     

新西兰辐射松根朽病与温度、湿度关系的数量模型*

新西兰辐射松根朽病与温度、湿度关系的数量模型束庆龙，宋淑梅，赵卫中，Ｎ．Ｍ．Ｓｅｌｆ关键词辐射松根朽病，温度，降雨量，土壤湿度，数量模型早在１９３０年，新西兰就有关于４年生辐射松ＰｉｎｕｓｒａｄｉａｔａＤ．Ｄｏｎ幼树受根朽病危害致死的报道［１］。６０...     

Economic evaluation of forest drainage and fertilization in northern Ontario peatlands with an investment decision model

Drainage and fertilization of an existing peatland black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stand and 24 possible methods of planting a clear-cut area near Cochrane, Ontario were evaluated by means of a recently developed forestry investment decision model, FIDME.Results indicate that, on the basis of the cost estimates used and assumptions made, drainage of the existing stand is the most economical treatment if it can reduce the rotation age by 30 years or more. Drainage combined with fertilization is the second best alternative if this treatment can reduce the rotation age by 40 years or more. Fertilization of the undrained site ranks a distant third, and then only if it reduces the rotation age by 10 years; otherwise, it will be uneconomical to apply.In the case of the clear-cut area, planting bare-root stock on a mechanically prepared but undrained site without weed control ranked first among the 24 alternatives considered; the same treatment, but with weed control included, ranked second. Planting containerized seedlings on a mechanically prepared but undrained site with weed control ranked third, followed by planting bare-root stock on a mechanically prepared and drained site with weed control. In contrast, planting containerized seedlings on an unprepared site and with no weed control ranked as the least cost-effective method considered.     

基于人工神经网络的森林资源预测研究

应用人工神经网络方法分别建立土地资源预测、森林蓄积量预测、各龄组蓄积量预测三层前馈反向传播神经网络模型对森林资源进行预测模拟.预测结果表明在小样本条件下,森林资源预测神经网络模型预测精度较高,开辟了森林资源预测新途径.     

Adaptation of the LIGNUM model for simulations of growth and light response in Jack pine

LIGNUM is a whole tree model, developed for Pinus sylvestris in Finland, that combines tree metabolism with a realistic spatial distribution of morphological parts. We hypothesize that its general concepts, which include the pipe model, functional balance, yearly carbon budget, and a set of architectural growth rules, are applicable to all trees. Adaptation of the model to Pinus banksiana, a widespread species of economic importance in North America, is demonstrated.

Conversion of the model to Jack pine entailed finding new values for 16 physiological and morphological parameters, and three growth functions. Calibration of the LIGNUM Jack pine model for open grown trees up to 15 years of age was achieved by matching crown appearance and structural parameters (height, foliage biomass, aboveground biomass) with those of real trees. A sensitivity study indicated that uncertainty in the photosynthesis and respiration parameters will primarily cause changes to the net annual carbon gain, which can be corrected through calibration of the growth rate. The effect of a decrease in light level on height, biomass, total tree branch length, and productivity were simulated and compared with field data. Additional studies yielded insight into branch pruning, carbon allocation patterns, crown structure, and carbon stress. We discuss the value of the LIGNUM model as a tool for understanding tree growth and survival dynamics in natural and managed forests.     

湖北乔灌复层防火林带模式研究

通过对湖北乔灌复层防火林带的研究表明:1、乔灌复层防火林带中乔、灌不同树种对土壤、气候等环境条件的要求相同或近似,灌木树种要有一定的耐阴能力,防火树种以乡土树种为主。2、防火林带内树种的基本配置方式有凸形配置和凹形配置2种,二者各有优势,在实际应用中,应根据具体情况综合运用,以提高林带防火能力。3、林带走向应与防火季节主风向垂直,在湖北绝大多数林带的走向以东西向为宜,林中应设计与坡向垂直的林带,林带造林密度大于常规造林密度。     

Application of an airborne laser scanner to forest road design with accurate earthwork volumes

In this study we developed a forest road design program based on a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) from a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system. After a designer has located the intersection points on a horizontal plane, the model first generates the horizontal alignment and the ground profile. The model precisely generates cross-sections and accurately calculates earthwork volumes using a high-resolution DEM. The model then optimizes the vertical alignment based on construction and maintenance costs using a heuristic technique known as tabu search. As the distance between cross-sections affects the accuracy of earthwork volume calculations, the results were examined by comparing them with the exact earthwork volume calculated by the probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method. The earthwork volumes calculated by the Pappus-based method were similar to those calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation when the distance between cross-sections was within 10m. The model was applied to a high-resolution DEM from the LIDAR of Capitol Forest in Washington State, USA. The model generated a horizontal alignment, length 827m, composed of five horizontal curves. We examined the number of grade change points. The results indicated that tabu search found the best solution ($61.42/m) with five grade change points. This was composed of two vertical curves that almost followed the ground profile. As the accuracy of a high-resolution DEM from LIDAR increases, the model would become a useful tool for a forest road designer because it eliminates or at least reduces the time-consuming process of road surveys.