Formalizing agro-ecological engineering for future-oriented land use studies

Agriculture faces an array of interrelated problems that call for development of new and revision of existing cropping systems towards the multiple needs of the 21st century. Agro-ecological engineering approaches aimed at design and exploration of alternative land use systems at various scales may support the identification of appropriate land use options. Engineering approaches are based on mathematical representations of well-founded agro-ecological principles while taking into account available resources and prevailing land-related objectives. The goal of this paper is to contribute to the development of a formalized approach to engineer cropping systems at the land unit level that can be used as building blocks for systematic explorations of land use options at farm or regional scale. The approach for engineering cropping systems at the land unit level consists of three steps: (i) goal-driven design of cropping systems, (ii) quantification of biophysical production targets and (iii) definition of the optimal mix of inputs required to realize production targets. This paper describes the approach and illustrates it with examples from the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Mali. Explicit attention is paid to the required numerical tools and their application to analyze consequences of uncertainty in the performance of engineered cropping systems. Using numerical tools, uncertainty is made explicit with the aim to better manage or reduce it. Identification of uncertainty at the designer's desk allows taking uncertainty into account before applying engineered land use systems in regional model studies or testing such systems in practice. Problems related to the application of numerical tools are discussed, including the future role of agro-ecological engineering as independent discipline within agricultural science.     

氮肥运筹对超级杂交粳稻产量、品质及氦素利用率的影响

在高产施氮量条件下（225kghm^-2），按基蘖肥、穗肥不同施氮比例且穗肥依不同叶龄期追氮共设计了20种施氮模式，研究了其对超级杂交粳稻常优1号产量、氮素利用率及主要米质性状的影响。结果表明：氮肥运筹对常优1号产量影响极大，基蘖肥与穗肥施氮比例为58．34：41．66，穗肥以叶龄余数4、2叶等量施氮时，产量最高；产量与总吸氮量、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥表观利用率、生理利用率呈极显著正相关关系，氮收获指数和百千克籽粒需氮量与产量呈二次曲线关系；随着穗肥施氮比例的下降，稻米整精米率、蛋白质含量、垩白率、垩白度逐渐下降；胶稠度、直链淀粉含量呈直线上升趋势；穗肥随追肥叶龄期推迟，整精米率、蛋白质含量提高，而直链淀粉含量下降。胶稠度、外观品质因基蘖肥施氮比例的不同而异。综合来看，基蘖肥、穗肥施氮比例为6：4，穗肥以倒4、2叶期追肥可使该品种超高产、优质、高效得到较好的协调统一。     

不同年代中籼水稻品种的产量与氮肥利用效率

本研究旨在探明中籼水稻在品种改良过程中产量与氮肥利用效率的变化特点。以江苏省近70年来不同年代在生产上广泛应用的12个代表性中籼水稻品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料,依据应用年代将其分为20世纪40—50年代、60—70年代、80—90年代和2000年以后4个类型,设置0 N(全生育期不施氮)、MN(全生育期施氮210 kg hm–2)和HN(全生育期施氮300 kg hm–2)3个施氮量处理,研究其产量、氮肥利用效率及其生理特性。结果表明,随品种应用年代的演进,不同年代中籼水稻品种的产量和氮肥利用效率均获得较大提高。2000年以后的品种(超级稻)产量和氮肥利用效率较高,根系性状和叶片光合特性以及氮代谢相关酶活性强是其重要生理基础。超级稻抽穗后根系氧化力和剑叶光合速率下降的幅度较大可能是导致超级稻结实率较低的一个重要原因。提高灌浆中后期超级稻的根系氧化力和剑叶光合速率,有望提高超级稻的结实率。     

稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)根型ppc基因对水稻的遗传转化及其对光合速率的调节效应

稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)是稻田中的C4光合型杂草,为了探索稗草ppc基因(Eppc)对水稻遗传转化的可行性及其对光合速率的调节效应,首次将含有稗草根型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC)基因ppc c DNA的2个植物表达载体p Ubi-Eppc、p Rbc S-Eppc通过农杆菌介导法对水稻进行了遗传转化。对分化植株进行的PCR、RT-PCR、克隆测序和Western杂交等结果均表明稗草ppc基因已经整合到了水稻基因组中,并且在转录和翻译水平都得到了表达。转基因水稻PEPC活性和气体交换参数测定结果表明T0代多数植株的PEPC活性高于对照,最高达到了对照的5.85倍;T0代大多数转基因植株叶片的净光合速率(Pn)比对照提高了20.00%,最大地提高了47.16%,同时叶片水分利用效率(WUE)也得到增强;T6代大部分转化植株的PEPC活性及Pn仍保持高于对照,本研究表明C3根型ppc基因过量表达也可以提高水稻的Pn,且证明稗草PEPC对光合作用具有较强的调节作用。     

不同栽培方式对长江下游棉田资源利用效率的影响

我国农业对自然环境依赖性强,农业生产环境相对恶劣、资源利用效率低下,作物栽培理论与技术需要不断创新和完善。为建立与当前生产模式相匹配的作物高产高效栽培管理方式,选用棉花品种泗杂3号,于2012—2013年在长江下游棉区(江苏大丰)不同地力水平田块(高、低)进行麦棉两熟栽培管理方式定位试验,设超高产栽培、常规栽培和高产高效栽培,系统测定棉花生物量、产量和生育期间的温光、氮肥资源利用效率。结果表明,栽培方式和地力水平显著影响棉花产量,而产量的差异主要由温光、氮肥资源利用效率的差异造成。棉花产量提高的限制因子是低下的资源利用效率。高产高效栽培较常规栽培产量提高27.5%,温光资源利用效率分别提高27.7%、23.4%、氮肥偏生产力提高10.1%,是长江下游较为适宜的栽培方式。因此未来生产中应进一步合理优化栽培方式来提高棉田资源利用效率,以达到高产高效的目标。     

长江中游不同玉稻种植模式产量及资源利用效率的比较研究

发展长江中游玉米生产是解决本区域玉米产需矛盾的根本途径。近年来随着长江中游玉米的快速发展,该地区出现了春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米等新型的一年两熟制种植模式,为探明其适应性和实用性,2013—2014年在湖北省武穴市设置了传统种植的双季稻(对照)、春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米共4种两熟制种植模式,分析比较其周年产量及光、温、水资源利用效率和经济效益。结果表明,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米周年产量显著高于早稻–秋玉米和双季稻。与双季稻相比,春玉米–晚稻周年产量、光能生产效率、光能利用率、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益分别提高18.3%、14.1%、23.4%、16.4%、37.2%和44.3%,双季玉米分别提高了13.5%、8.1%、26.1%、11.4%、88.8%和37.8%。春玉米其产量、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益两年平均比早稻分别高出30.6%、29.5%、57.2%和96.1%,而秋玉米和晚稻之间产量无显著差异。不同玉稻模式周年产量差异主要源于第一季春玉米和早稻产量的差异。可见,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米是适宜在长江中游推广的两熟制种植模式。     

Water Relation, Photosynthetic Ability and Growth of Thai Jasmine Rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. KDML 105) to Salt Stress by Application of Exogenous Glycinebetaine and Choline

Rice reportedly possesses a very low capacity to accumulate glycinebetaine (Glybet), but may be accumulated by the exogenous application of Glybet or Choline (Cho) as an alternative way to improve its salt‐tolerant ability. The aim of this research was to determine whether Glybet accumulation could be induced in Thai jasmine rice by the exogenous application of Glybet and Cho, and to determine the effects of Glybet and Cho treatment on various growth parameters of seedlings cultured under salt‐stress conditions. Thai jasmine rice seeds were aseptically germinated in vitro on solidified Murashige–Skoog media, supplied with either Glybet or Cho in the culture media for 12 days and then treated with 342 mm NaCl (salt stress) for 4 days. GlyBet content, water relation, photosynthetic capabilities and growth characteristics of salt‐stressed seedlings were measured. The addition of Glybet or Cho to plant culture media containing 342 mm NaCl resulted in increased accumulation of Glybet in rice seedlings. Increased Glybet accumulation was strongly associated with a high efficiency of water usage (r = 0.96), which in turn correlated with increased maximum quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) (r = 0.86). Moreover, the pigment concentrations of seedlings cultured under salt stress were maintained by a function of Glybet, led to high efficiency of photochemical and non‐photochemical quenching of PSII as well as to exhibit on net photosynthetic rate. Thus, our results suggest that the addition of either Glybet or Cho to the plant growth media can improve growth performance under salt stress conditions by increasing the salt tolerance of Thai jasmine rice. The exogenous application of Glybet and/or Cho to culture media may be an effective method of improving resistance to salt stress via the promotion of Glybet accumulation with in rice seedlings.     

Of Harold and Chimbu revisited

Abstract: This paper discusses my collaboration with Harold Brookfield in the study of Chimbu land and society. We began in 1958 at the Australian National University and worked together until 1965 in joint fieldwork and writing, and then collaborated occasionally after that. It began both of our professional contributions that continued throughout our professional careers. The work could never have been done by one person, either geographer or anthropologist. Our joint paper of 1990 may be the only multigenerational land study in anthropology/geography. Our long‐term study of the Mintima area is a constant reminder of the hazards of short‐sighted development projections. Brookfield always knew what he wanted to find out, and always constructed original methods of research and analysis. The Chimbu–Mintima maps were redrawn many times with many different measuring methods, new air photography and increasing precision. He always connected any specific study and report of work to general theory and would compare a wide range of related findings in other places. His work is a model of scientific method and its place in geographical theory.     

氮密互作对夏玉米物质生产及氮素利用的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同种植密度和不同施氮水平下夏玉米的物质生产和氮素利用状况进行了研究。结果表明,在中(67 500株/hm2)、高(82 500株/hm2)密度下,氮肥对玉米单株物质生产能力的调控作用更为明显,并主要是通过影响穗粒数来实现的。适量施氮,可促进顶部子粒发育,减少败育,使秃尖缩短、瘪粒数减少,增加穗粒数,增加产量;促进植物体吸收的氮素高效地向籽粒中分配,提高氮肥的利用效率;使玉米叶片维持较高的光合性能,为籽粒形成提供充足的光合碳量,并促进营养体碳氮向子粒运转。     

占补平衡补充耕地按等级折算研究--以南方丘陵山区为例

占补平衡实现由数量平衡向数量-质量平衡管理的升级,已成为当前土地管理的迫切要求。以南方丘陵山区为例,综合考虑耕地质量的影响因子,筛选台面坡度、海拔高度、有效土层厚度、土壤质地、土壤养分、水源保证率、地下水埋深、排灌设施、道路通达度作为评价指标,应用特尔斐法、层次分析法确定权重,对耕地质量作以评价,确定占、补耕地地块的综合指数。以单位标准粮为桥梁,确定耕地质量数量折算系数．从而实现耕地占补的数量——质量型平衡。