红松温室可降解营养钵嫁接技术研究

利用嫁接苗建立红松果林和种子园,可缩短母树结实年龄.早春在温室中对红松营养钵苗进行嫁接,较传统室外嫁接方法提高嫁接成活率10%左右;嫁接苗在当年雨季即可上山造林,成活率高,可缩短管护期10个月,显著降低了生产成本.     

Comparison of greenhouse and environmentally controlled growthroom root growth potential testing of 2+0 eastern white pine seedlings

Two-year-old estern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings were measured for Root Growth Potential (RGP) in a hydroponic system over two years in both a greenhouse and an environmentally controlled growthroom. Analyses of variance showed no significant differences (alpha = 0.05) between testing environments for either year. This study demonstrates the validity of using greenhouse RGP testing for 2+0 eastern white pine.     

不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤次生盐渍化发生机理的研究

对不同种植年限的蔬菜大棚、露天菜地和一般农田土壤耕层可溶性盐分进行了分析测定。结果表明:大棚菜地土壤盐分含量0．48-1．15 g／kg,平均为1．06 g／kg,比相邻农田增加253．3％,表明大棚菜地土壤有盐渍化,随着大棚使用年限的延长土壤盐分含量增加。且主要是Cl-、NO3-含量增加。     

设施葡萄主栽品种需冷量测定及其应用研究

根据葡萄生物学特性，采用水浸枝蔓法和试区12年来晚秋稳定通过≤7．2℃气温的平均初始日期，测算出目前设施葡萄栽培中矢富罗莎等6个主栽品种的需冷量及相应的适宜扣棚升温时间。依据需冷量、果实生育期、果品品质3指标，筛选出了河西5市日光温室葡萄高效栽培的适栽品种5个，对设施葡萄大面积推广栽培具有较高的实用价值。     

欧亚种葡萄设施栽培技术

叙述了葡萄避雨栽培简易大棚的结构和双十字V形整枝技术；采用石灰氮处理并在1月中、下旬的覆膜技术，打破葡萄的休眠期，促使提早萌芽结果，同时通过棚内光照、温度、湿度的调节，结合施肥，整形修剪等配套技术，达到葡萄的优质、稳产、高产。     

内蒙古地区暖棚养羊的必要性和太阳能采暖的应用

内蒙古大部分地区的严寒季节长达6~7个月,受寒冷气候条件的影响,散养羊生长缓慢,饲料消耗量增加,掉膘现象严重,产羔率和羔羊成活率也受到严重影响,大大降低了养羊的经济效益。建筑暖棚不仅能提供充足的热能,还可防止羊只掉膘。但是,常用的取暖方式以燃烧木材、煤或羊粪砖为主,存在着污染环境的隐患,并会受资源短缺的限制。太阳能作为一种新能源,是人类可以利用的最丰富的能源,可以就地开发利用,不存在运输问题,是一种洁净的能源,不会造成污染和公害。因此,利用太阳能采暖和暖棚养羊能够推动畜牧业向健康、高效、资源节约的合理方向发展。     

气候与种植结构变化对温室气体排放及灌溉需水的影响

针对气候变化和种植结构调整对黄淮海地区农业生产作用不明晰的问题,基于反硝化分解模型(Denitrification-decomposition, DNDC),采用情景分析法评估了气候与种植结构变化对黄淮海地区农业温室气体(CO₂、CH₄和N₂O)排放和灌溉需水量的影响。结果表明：从1995年到2015年,研究区气候向暖湿化方向发展,其中年均最高温度无显著变化,年均最低温度上升0.7℃,年降水量增长46.5 mm; 1995年研究区玉米、小麦和水稻种植面积分别约为7.9×10⁶、1.4×10⁷、2.9×10⁶ hm²;2015年3种作物种植面积均增大,而水稻、小麦种植比例减小。气候变化影响下,黄淮海地区农业温室气体排放增加,灌溉需水量小幅减小。与1995年相比,2015年CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放强度分别增长至3 730.5、443.2、5.9 kg/hm²     

Methane emissions and δ13C composition from beef steers consuming increasing proportions of sericea lespedeza hay on bermudagrass hay diets

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different proportions of ‘Au Grazer’ sericea lespedeza [SL, Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don], a legume rich in condensed tannins (CT), on nutrient intake and digestibility, and to estimate methane (CH₄) emissions and ¹³C isotopic composition (δ¹³C_CH4) from beef steers consuming a forage-based diet. Twenty-five Angus-crossbred steers were distributed in a randomized complete block design (344 ± 48 kg initial BW), and randomly assigned to one of five treatments: 0SL, 25SL, 50SL, 75SL, and 100SL, diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of SL hay, respectively, mixed with ‘Tifton-85’ bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). The study was carried out for two experimental periods of 21-d each. The statistical model included the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of block, experimental period, and their interaction. Apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber was linearly decreased (P < 0.001) by the inclusion of SL. No effects were observed for total CH₄ emissions per day, nor for CH₄ relative to organic matter intake or digestible organic matter with the inclusion of SL. However, emission of CH₄ in relation to intake of CT was affected by treatment (P < 0.001). A linear (P < 0.001) decrease and a quadratic effect (P < 0.001) were observed for δ¹³C of diets and gas, respectively, in which diets and enteric CH₄ with greater inclusion of SL were more depleted in ¹³C. Moreover, the difference in δ¹³C between diets and gas (Δδ¹³C) had a linear decrease (P = 0.001) with the inclusion of SL. The model developed to predict the C₃ proportions in the enteric CH₄ fitted to predicted values (P < 0.0001). Therefore, greater proportions of SL resulted in lesser CH₄ emission when CT intake was considered and the isotopic composition from enteric CH₄ was able to predict the contribution of SL in the emissions.     

Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Susceptibilities of UK and mainland European samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were investigated over a 7 year period. All 24 strains collected between 1997 and 2003 showed similar baseline levels of susceptibility to that of a known susceptible laboratory strain when exposed to a diagnostic concentration (128 mg L(-1)) of formulated imidacloprid. Two samples collected during 2004, one from the UK and one from The Netherlands, demonstrated reduced susceptibility at this concentration. Using dose-response assays, the presence of resistant individuals was disclosed in both these strains; some individuals were unaffected at doses high enough to induce phytotoxic effects. This report represents the first confirmed cases of neonicotinoid resistance inducing control failures in T. vaporariorum, and highlights a need for careful vigilance to sustain the effectiveness of imidacloprid and related neonicotinoid insecticides.     

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT,ANTIVIRAL STUDIES,FIELD EVALUATION AND TOXICITY OF AN ANTIVIRAL PLANT PROTECTANT NK0238

• Developed a two-step synthetic route to anti-plant-virus candidate NK0238. • NK0238 exhibited a broad antivirus spectrum in greenhouse. • NK0238 showed comparable antivirus activities as controls in field trials. • NK0238 was safe to birds, fish, bees and silkworms. • NK0238 has a very good prospect in commercial development. It has previously been shown that tryptophan, the biosynthesis precursor of Peganum harmala alkaloids, and its derivatives have anti-TMV activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of this led to the identification of NK0238 as a highly effective agent for the prevention and control of diseases caused by plant viruses, but the existing routes are unsuitable for its large-scale synthesis. This study optimized a route for two-step synthesis of this virucide candidate via reaction of l-tryptophan with triphosgene to produce l-tryptophan-N-carboxylic anhydride, which then reacts with n-octylamine to give NK0238 at up to 94% yield and nearly 97% HPLC purity. In addition, the route was used for the preparation of NK0238 on a>40 g scale permitting further assessment of its antivirus activity in the greenhouse and field experiments, and toxicity tests. NK0238 exhibited useful antiviral activities against a variety of viruses both in greenhouse and field experiments. The toxicity tests showed that NK0238 was not acutely toxic to birds, fish, honey bees and silkworms. The optimized route provides a solid foundation for its large-scale synthesis and subsequent efficacy and toxicity studies, its excellent activity and safety make NK0238 a promising drug candidate for further development.