基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分时空变异分析

运用ArcGIS的地统计学和空间分析模块,研究了封丘县20年前后土壤表层有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾5种养分的含量水平、分布以及演变趋势。研究结果表明,封丘县土壤有机质含量明显上升,氮素有所积累;磷素有升有降,以升为主;但速效钾含量急剧下降,这些变化与封丘县长期以来的肥料施用和土地利用有关。运用地理信息系统和地统计学方法能够很好地模拟土壤养分的空间分布特征,便于研究者直观地发现土壤养分时空变化趋势。     

表层土壤盐分空间变异性及合理采样数与信息估计

本文以气候寒冷干燥、具有土壤盐碱化问题的中国河套灌区为背景，将地质统计学和经典统计学理论结合评价实验场土壤表层盐分的空间分布特征及其变异性。用经典统计学理论确定了土壤盐分田间监测的合理采样数目与空间采样法则。在用地质统计学理论对变差函数理论模型最优性检验基础上，采用ＯＫ法对实验场表层土壤盐分空间分布进行了最优无偏估计。结果表明ＯＫ法用于内插估计精度较高；而用于外推估计精度略低，需对误差进行控制方可适当外推。以便利用样本对总体进行估计，并指导野外采样与监测。     

Spatial variability of O layer thickness and humus forms under different pine beech–forest transformation stages in NE Germany

Spatial variability of humus layer (O layer) thicknesses can have important impacts upon soil water dynamics, nutrient storage and availability, as well as plant growth. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the impact of forest‐transformation practices on the spatial variability of O layer thicknesses. The study focused on the Kahlenberg forest area (NE Germany) with stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) of different age structures that form a transformation chronosequence from pure Scots pine stands towards pure European beech stands. Topsoil profiles including both, the O layer and the uppermost humic mineral soil horizon were excavated at intervals of 0.4 m along 15–20 m long transects, and spatial variability of O layer thicknesses was quantified by variogram analysis. The correlation lengths of total O layer thickness increased in the sequence consisting of pure pine stand (3.1 m) → older mixed stand (3.7 m) → pure beech stand (4.5 m), with the exception of the younger mixed stand, for which no correlation lengths of total O layer thickness could be determined. The degree of spatial correlation, i.e., the percentage of the total variance which can be described by variograms, was highest for the two monospecies stands, whereas this percentage was distinctly lower for the two mixed stands. A similar minimum for the two mixed stands was observed for the correlation lengths of the Oh horizon. These results suggest that the spatial structures of forest‐transformation stands may be interpreted in terms of a disturbance (in the form of the underplanting of beech trees). After this disturbance, the forest ecosystem requires at least 100 y to again reach relative equilibrium. These findings are in line with the results of other soil‐related investigations at these sites.     

梁子湖湿地土壤养分的空间异质性

2003年10月利用地统计学方法对梁子湖湿地保护区内一块63.9km2区域的土壤养分的空间变异进行了研究。以400m400m的网格采集了101个表层(015cm)土壤样品。分析结果表明,土壤养分有较大的空间变异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮变异系数分别是36.0%、30.6%1、3.7%和29.3%;速效磷的变异系数最高为50.4%。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效磷的理论模型均为球状模型。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮具有中等空间自相关性,随机变异分别是68.5%、68.3%、75%和71.5%;速效磷的自空间相关性较弱,变异为82.4%。5种养分的空间自相关距离比较接近,变程在2853m～963m之间。通过克里格插值进行土壤养分空间插值制图显示,土壤养分表现出空间分布的相似性。     

Does kriging predict weed distributions accurately enough for site‐specific weed control?

Numerous studies have demonstrated the patchy distribution of weeds within fields. The majority of these studies have used discrete sampling, recording weed densities at the intersections of regular grids. In this study, Avena spp. seedlings were recorded on square grids at four sites. The data were then divided into test and real data sets using the whole, two-thirds and one-half of the data to evaluate the consistency of global variogram models and accuracy of ordinary kriging estimates. Kriging provided poor weed density estimates at both very low and high densities, i.e. data were smoothed when compared with true values. Grid sampling took considerable time and, therefore, money to complete, whereas continuous sampling with multispectral imagery (performed at one site) was much quicker and at a finer resolution. It is suggested that sampling systems that collect continuous rather than discrete data are currently more appropriate for site-specific weed management.     

基于GIS的土壤有机质时空变异分析

为了研究城郊地区集约型土地利用方式对土壤性质的影响,以北京东郊的顺义区为例,利用GIS技术及地统计学对20世纪80年代土壤二次普查和2007年两期土壤有机质进行了空间分布特征的对比与分析研究。结果表明:经过20多年时间研究区土壤有机质含量整体呈上升趋势,东部与南部地区上升明显,两期土壤有机质空间分布特征总体一致,这种分布格局是自然和人为利用因素共同作用的结果。当地土地利用方式变化对土壤有机质产生正面影响,从精准农业角度出发研究结论对科学的农业管理措施具有指导性意义。     

天全河流域土壤氮素的空间分布特征及其影响因素分析

【目的】研究天全河流域土壤氮素的空间分布特征及其影响因素。【方法】采用常规统计、地统计学和地理信息系统相结合的方法分析780个表层土壤(0～30cm)样点数据。【结果】该流域土壤全氮含量达(1.40±0.52)g/kg,碱解氮含量达(125.79±56.24)mg/kg。土壤全氮含量由高到低为水稻土>潮土>黄壤>紫色土,土壤有效氮含量则为水稻土>黄壤>潮土>紫色土。全氮和有效氮块金值/基台值分别为0.78～0.90和0.96～0.97,两种氮素空间变异均以指数模型最好。【结论】全氮和有效氮的空间分布均呈由西向东逐渐减少的趋势。成土母质、地形部位、土地利用和耕地种植制度都极显著地影响土壤全氮和有效氮的含量。     

Assessing heavy metal contamination in soils of the Zagreb region (Northwest Croatia) using multivariate geostatistics

The assessment of soil contamination and location of pollution sources represent a crucial issue in soil remediation. Topsoil samples were collected in the Zagreb area (Northwest Croatia) and the total contents of trace and major elements were determined. A multivariate geostatistical analysis was used to estimate soil chemical composition variability. Factorial Kriging Analysis (FKA) was used to investigate the scale-dependent correlation structure of some variables by modelling co-regionalization of ten chemical variables, co-kriging specific factors and mapping them. The FKA provided two regionalized factors at different spatial scales of variability: the first factor at shorter range for Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni indicated different sources of anthropogenic contamination, whereas Ca (mainly loading on the longer range factor) was related to the lithology and parent material composition. The methodology used has proved to be a useful tool to separate geological and anthropogenic causes of variation in soil heavy metal content and to identify common pollution sources.