Phenotypic Changes in Grain Sorghum Over the Last Five Decades

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a drought‐tolerant crop, and its productivity in rain fed environments has increased since the 1950s. This increase is due to changes in agronomic practices and hybrid improvement. The objective of this study was to determine what aspects of grain sorghum morphology, physiology and water use have changed with hybrid improvement and might have contributed to this yield increase. A 2‐year greenhouse experiment was conducted with one hybrid from each of the past five decades. The hybrids were studied in well‐watered and pre‐ and post‐flowering water deficit conditions. Total water use, transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis were measured during the growing period. Biomass and biomass components were measured at harvest. There was no consistent change in the leaf physiological parameters resulting from hybrid advancement. In contrast, total water use increased in rate of 8.5 cm³ kg soil^?1 year^?1 from old to new hybrids in the well‐watered treatments. Root biomass also increased in rate of 0.2 g plant^?1 year^?1. Leaf biomass and panicle length also was greater for the newest compared with the older hybrids. Hybrid advancement was related to increase in panicle length but decrease in peduncle length. Results indicated that hybrid development programmes created hybrids with improved drought avoidance, due to better root density of newly released hybrids, or hybrids with better resource use which ultimately increased yield under rain fed conditions.     

浅析测定植物抗旱性方法的应用

本文介绍了干旱对植物伤害及表现,根据国内外相关文献资料对叶绿素荧光法和电阻抗图谱法两种测定植物抗旱性方法进行概述。     

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and Chicory (Cichorium intybus) to Water Stress and Defoliation Frequency

Plants are often subjected to periods of water stress. There are little data examining the effect of water stress on the forage species Plantago lanceolata and Cichorium intybus. In two pot experiments with P. lanceolata and C. intybus, morphological responses under optimum, dry, and very‐dry water treatments with weekly, fortnightly and 3‐weekly defoliation intervals and physiological responses under optimum and very‐dry water treatments were measured. A third experiment compared the rooting depths of P. lanceolata and C. intybus under field conditions. These findings suggest that both P. lanceolata and C. intybus can survive and continue to grow under water stress conditions with the main differences between the two species being attributable to morphological characteristics (root mass, taproot diameter and shoot mass fraction) rather than differences at a physiological level. Overall, the results suggest plantain may be more productive under moderate drought due to its greater shoot mass fraction, whereas chicory may be more productive and persistent under severe drought due to its greater root mass, taproot diameter and root depth under field conditions.     

不同基因型玉米品种产量、抗旱性及水分利用效率差异研究

为了充分挖掘和提高作物抗旱性及水分利用效率,通过选用新品种是最有效且易行的技术措施,以期解决品种应用盲目和抗旱应对被动的问题。本研究在山西晋中盆地大田条件下,以生产上推广应用的11个不同基因型玉米新品种为试材,于拔节期设置3种不同水分处理,分析了其产量、抗旱性及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明：不同水分条件下,各品种产量、抗旱性排序不同,其中‘大丰30’、‘迪卡M753’的丰产性、稳产性和抗旱性综合表现最好,正常供水下,其产量分别可达13634 kg/hm²和14478 kg/hm²,抗旱指数分别达0.999和1.029;同时在分析水分利用效率和水分生产效率后,得出在拔节期补充灌溉45 mm时,既可获得较高的水分利用效率,同时灌溉水分生产效率也最高,分别为29.77 kg/(mm·hm²)和30.92 kg/(mm·hm²)。因此,‘大丰30’和‘迪卡M753’可作为主干型品种在该区域进一步验证和应用,且在该区域运用非充分灌溉,对保护水资源和发展有机旱作农业具有重要意义。     

接骨木无性系苗期干旱胁迫响应及抗旱性综合评价

为揭示不同种接骨木无性系的抗旱性,探讨其对干旱环境的适应能力,为干旱瘠薄山地造林提供材料。采用盆栽法进行自然干旱胁迫试验,运用主成分分析对不同处理下各无性系生理指标进行综合评价。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,无性系PT-1的生物量增量最大,PT-2的根冠比最大。在干旱胁迫逐增情况下,细胞膜透性逐增,当干旱达到中、重度时,无性系PT-1和PT-2的细胞膜透性最小。叶绿素含量及超氧化物岐化酶活性均随干旱程度增加呈先增后降趋势。随干旱胁迫增加可溶性糖和脯氨酸均随之增大。在重度干旱胁迫下,无性系PT-1的可溶性糖含量最大。主成分分析得出,各无性系抗旱能力由强到弱为：XY-2、JY-1、XY-1、XY-3、PT-1、PT-3、PT-2。其中,XY-2、JY-1具有较强抗旱性,可初步作为抗旱材料进行后续研究。     

甘蔗与蔗茅杂交亲本及后代材料的抗旱性鉴定

研究旨在筛选出优良抗旱育种材料,为今后甘蔗抗旱育种和抗旱栽培技术提供重要的理论依据。采用盆栽干旱处理,测定蔗茅野生种无性系、甘蔗栽培品种（系）及其杂交后代共12份材料苗期与抗旱相关的8项生理生化指标,利用极点排序法对供试材料的抗旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,12份供试材料的Pro、MDA、SS及PMP均呈上升趋势,SP、Chl和SOD活性呈下降趋势,CAT活性有升有降。极点排序法分析表明,12个供试材料的抗旱强弱为：‘蔗茅99-2’>‘蔗茅99-1’>‘蔗茅99-4’>‘蔗茅I91-8’>‘蔗茅99-3’>‘蔗茅90-29’>‘滇蔗01-58’>‘滇蔗04-14’>‘滇蔗02-39’>‘蔗茅II91-2’>‘新台糖10’>‘崖城89-9’,说明蔗茅优质抗旱性状可以通过基因渗透方式传递给后代。在苗期干旱胁迫下,‘蔗茅99-2’在渗透调节等方面表现出积极的生理响应。     

公司治理、管理者动机与衍生金融工具使用

基于中国上市公司2007~2013年财务数据，研究公司治理对管理者使用衍生金融工具的影响，并结合中国制度背景，深入分析和检验企业产权、政策监管对公司治理效应的影响。实证结果表明，公司治理对管理者使用衍生金融工具的动机存在重要影响，公司治理水平越高，管理者越倾向于利用衍生金融工具避免财务困境风险；相反，管理者越倾向于利用衍生金融工具规避薪酬风险。研究还发现，公司治理的作用机制会受到所有权性质的影响，国有控制属性会弱化公司治理效应，对衍生金融工具交易的政策监管差异是重要原因。     

PEG-6000胁迫下3种外生菌根真菌的生长特性

为了解不同外生菌根真菌的抗旱能力及机制，筛选具有较强抗旱性的优良菌株。选取琥珀乳牛肝菌(sp)、粘盖乳牛肝菌(sb)、橙黄硬皮马勃(sc)3种外生菌根真菌，采用液体培养和固体培养2种方式，利用PEG-6000模拟干旱条件，研究不同干旱胁迫程度对3种外生菌根真菌生长及生理变化的影响。结果表明，在不同PEG-6000浓度下,sb菌丝生长速率一致，sp在0~21 d的菌丝生长速率较高，sc则在14~28 d才呈现速生期；轻度干旱胁迫（PEG-6000浓度为10％~20％）有利于sb和sp生物量的积累，增加sb对H⁺的分泌，并提高sb的SOD活性，降低sb的MDA含量，而sc的生长则受到PEG-6000的抑制；在PEG-6000处理下，3种外生菌根真菌的菌丝形态出现了不同程度损伤，随PEG-6000浓度升高菌丝形态损伤进一步加重，但sb菌丝形态结构完整度高于sp与sc。因此，轻度干旱胁迫利于sb的生长，3种外生菌根真菌抗旱性强弱为:sb>sp>sc。本研究结果可为外生菌根真菌抗旱机制的深入研究及抗旱菌种的筛选提供参考。     

中国信用风险缓释工具创新试点最新进展研究

信用风险缓释工具是中国银行间市场2010年创新试点推出的信用风险管理工具，它将短期融资券、中期票据和贷款等信用产品的信用风险剥离定价，并转移给愿意承担风险的投资者，其推出从根本上改变了商业银行等金融机构信用风险管理的传统特征。通过对信用风险缓释工具试点中投资主体培育、市场定价、做市商机制、信息披露、市场外部环境建设等问题进行研究，有利于信用缓释工具功能的充分发挥，有利于完善债券市场信用风险分担机制、有利于商业银行等投资者动态、专业地管理信用风险。