不同因素对糙皮侧耳子实体和培养料中多菌灵残留富集及消解规律影响

采用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)-二极管阵列检测器(PDA)和液相二级质谱(LC/MS/MS)方法测定多菌灵在添加浓度范围分别为0.025~1 mg/kg和0.05~10 mg/kg 时在糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)子实体和培养料中的残留量,结果表明：多菌灵在子实体和培养料中的平均添加回收率分别为93%~99%、93%~101%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均为3%~6%。在0.1%、0.3%多菌灵有效成分用量下拌料施用后,糙皮侧耳第一和第五潮菇(菇柄、菇盖和全菇)中多菌灵残留量分别为0.089~0.077、0.533~0.485 mg/kg,低于欧盟关于多菌灵在新鲜菇类中的最大残留限量标准。多菌灵在子实体各个部位的富集能力由强到弱为菇脚>菇柄>全菇>菇盖。培养料中多菌灵的消解符合一级动力学模型,菌袋部位、菌丝和灭菌对培养料中多菌灵消解均有影响：菌袋上部(距离栽培袋底部22 cm处)的培养料中的多菌灵消解快,半衰期33 d短于中部(距离栽培袋底部11 cm处)的36.47 d和下部的63 d;培养料中菌丝生长有利于多菌灵消解,高压灭菌(0.1 Mpa 压力下,121℃灭菌2 h)可以有效地促进农药消解。灭菌后降解率达91.8%和85.9%,未灭菌时培养料中多菌灵含量基本稳定。     

消能支撑参数优化方法的进一步研究

在框架结构消能支撑的减震优化方法的基础上进一步探讨了优化目标函数的几种形式，通过算例的分析找出了既简单又效的目标函数。此外，还提出了一种实用的方法，解决在多条地震波输入下消能支撑参数优化结果不一致的问题。     

马占相思树干液流的研究

采用ICT-2000TE树干液流测定系统,对华南地区的主要造林树种马占相思的液流变化进行了为期1a的观测,并对树干液流变化特征、液流量日变化、各位点液流及全年液流量的变化进行了深入研究。结果表明:马占相思的树干液流量日进程呈单峰型曲线,雨、旱季的全天总液流量分别为10.988×103、5.082×103g,全年总液流量为2238.265×103g;马占相思木质部不同部位输水能力差异较大,液流速率最大的位点位于木质部15mm处;马占相思单位边材面积日累计液流量在雨、旱季分别为85.203×103、57.463×103g·m-2左右,整个过程呈"S"形。     

Study on the Sand Duct Pressure and Energy Dissipation for Tongkou Hydro Power Station

Tongkou power station is an all-round hydro project,where the mixed exploitation mode is adopted with mainly for power generation.Integrated with the model test result,the duct discharge capacity and flow coefficient in various discharge hole are discussed,the influence of duct shape on inlet pressure,energy dissipation and tail water is analyzed,the improvement measures on conveyer way pressure and energy dissipation are put forward too.The achievements of this study have been adopted by the designers.     

基于ETABS结构分析软件的框架结构耗能减震分析

为了研究阻尼器在高层建筑中的耗能减震效果,基于ETABS有限元分析程序,采用非线性动力时程分析方法对使用粘滞阻尼器的某高层建筑进行了7度地震作用下结构的地震响应分析。结构地震反应分析表明,结构在附加耗能器状态下,位移、层间位移角、剪力都有所降低。阻尼器明显起到了耗能减震作用。     

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy Analysis of Carbofuran and Its Metabolite 3-Hydroxy-carbofuran in Maize and Soil in Field

In this article, a simple and efficient method using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to determine carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in maize and soil. Field experiments were carried out to investigate the dissipation of carbofuran and its metabolite 3-hydroxy carbofuran in soil and maize plants and their accumulation in maize. Results showed that the half-lives of carbofuran were 4.7 and 5.3 days in maize plants and 8.5 and 7.6 days in soil for Beijing and Jinan trial sites, respectively. The final residues of carbofuran and 3- hydroxy carbofuran in the soils and maize grain were not detected. This study suggests that carbofuran is acceptable to apply to maize in the recommended dosage and can be a good alternative to other highly toxic insecticides.     

Influence of straw management, nitrogen fertilization and dosage rates on the dissipation of five sulfonylureas in soil

The dissipation behaviour of metsulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and amidosulfuron were studied in soil following post-emergence spring applications to cereal crops. Incorporation or removal of straw and different fertilizer applications had no influence on the disappearance time (DT₅₀) of the herbicides. However, in laboratory trials dissipation of metsulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and amidosulfuron at higher application rates was accelerated after incorporation of straw into the soil. The addition of straw decreases soil pH thereby causing faster hydrolysis of the compounds. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer increased the half-lives (t_1/2) of the herbicides. Combination of both straw and N fertilizer, however, had no effect. Neither straw nor N influenced the degradation of tribenuron-methyl and thifensulfuron-methyl.
The DT₅₀ of all herbicides investigated varied from 6 to 17 days in the field trials. Except for amidosulfuron, herbicides could not be detected 38–68 days after application. In the laboratory, t_1/2 values were higher than those in the field at 75 days (amidosulfuron), 63 days (metsulfuron-methyl), 35 days (triasulfuron) and 13 days (tribenuron-methyl). Only the t_1/2 of thifensulfuron-methyl was at 29 h faster under laboratory conditions. T_1/2 values of all herbicides were influenced by their initial concentration. The t_1/2 values of amidosulfuron and tribenuron-methyl at 1 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ soil were 2–2.5 times higher than at the recommended field application rate of 42 μg a.i. kg⁻¹ soil.     

Adsorption-desorption of metalaxyl as affecting dissipation and leaching in soils: role of mineral and organic components

Adsorption-desorption studies of metalaxyl in fifteen agricultural soil samples from Southern Portugal and Spain were performed following a batch equilibration method. Very high sorption was observed on a clay soil of high content in altered illite, but, when this soil was excluded from regression analysis, organic matter (OM) was the most important single soil property affecting sorption at low concentrations of metalaxyl. At higher concentrations, no correlation was observed with any soil property. The relevance of OM on sorption was also corroborated by the increase in sorption coefficients when soil OM was increased artificially by the addition of an organic amendment. Sorption studies with the colloidal fraction of selected soils also revealed the importance of mineral surfaces in metalaxyl sorption. Sorption of metalaxyl in most of the soil samples was hysteretic. Selected soil samples were incubated in the dark, sampled periodically and extracted for their fungicide content. Metalaxyl half-lives increased with sorption and OM content of the soil, and were specially high in the amended soil. Leaching studies in hand-packed columns under saturated/unsaturated flow conditions showed an inverse relation between leaching and sorption. Recoveries from the soil columns were close to 80% of the metalaxyl applied, except for the soil which OM was artificially increased, in which recovery was lower and this has been attributed to the much higher irreversibility of metalaxyl sorption in the amended soil.     

温度、光照及生物因子对啶虫脒和吡虫啉在 油菜叶面消解的影响

采用室内模拟方法研究了啶虫脒、吡虫啉在温度、光照和生物因子作用下在油菜叶面的消解趋势。结果表明:在14、25、35℃下啶虫脒在油菜叶面消解的半衰期分别为19.3、6.6和5.2 d,同一条件下吡虫啉的消解半衰期分别为8.7、3.8和2.9 d, 两者的消解速度均随温度升高而加快,但消解趋势有所不同;在光照强度为500、3 000、6 000 lx条件下,啶虫脒的消解半衰期分别为19.1、10.4 和6.6 d,吡虫啉的消解半衰期分别为6.9、6.2和3.7 d,两者消解速度均随光强的增加而加快,但光强变化对啶虫脒消解影响更为明显。25℃时,自然叶面、消毒处理叶面啶虫脒消解半衰期分别为6.6 和 8.1 d,吡虫啉为3.8和3.5 d,表明叶面微生物稍加快了啶虫脒的消解,而对吡虫啉的消解影响不显著。     

Simazine dynamics in a vineyard soil at Casablanca valley, Chile

Field dissipation, soil movement and laboratory leaching studies were performed to elucidate the effect of two rainfall amounts in the behaviour and environmental fate of simazine under climatic conditions at Casablanca Valley, Chile. Dissipation and soil movement were studied in a field vineyard with a sandy loam soil (Inceptisol; 74.08% sand; 14.87% silt and 11.04% clay). Simazine was applied to bare soil at 2.0 kg AI ha(-1), and its concentration was measured using immunoassay (ELISA) at 0, 10, 20, 40 and 90 days after application under two rainfall amounts, natural field conditions (39 mm) and modified conditions (39 + 180 mm). Simazine leaching was studied using soil core PVC lysimeters (0.9 m height; 0.22 m diameter). Field dissipation data were adjusted with a bi-exponential model. Half-life (DT(50)) values varied between 31.3 (+/-2.5) and 19.0 (+/-4.2) days under natural and modified conditions, respectively. Simazine K(d) varied from 0.42 to 2.15 (K(oc) 32.6-216.2) in the soil profile. Simazine was detected at a 90-cm soil depth in concentrations of 0.0085 (+/-0.0043) mg kg(-1) and 0.0321 (+/-0.001) mg kg(-1) under field and modified conditions, respectively. The maximum simazine leachate concentrations were 0.013 (+/-0.00084) mg litre(-1) (0.012% of total applied simazine) and 0.0084 (+/-0.00082) mg litre(-1) (0.11% of total applied simazine) for field and modified conditions respectively. These data indicate that water quantity has a significant effect on the DT(50) and the amount of simazine that moved through the soil profile, but not on the soil depth reached by this herbicide.