Responses of soil nematode community structure to soil carbon changes due to different tillage and cover crop management practices over a nine-year period in Kanto,Japan

The response of the soil food web structure to soil quality changes during long-term anthropogenic disturbance due to farming practices has not been well studied. We evaluated the effects of three tillage systems: moldboard plow/rotary harrow (MP), rotary cultivator (RC), and no-tillage (NT), three winter cover-crop types (fallow, FL; rye, RY; and hairy vetch, HV), and two nitrogen fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ for upland rice, and 0 and 20 kg N ha⁻¹ for soybean production) on changes in nematode community structure. Sixty-nine taxa were counted, total nematode abundance (ALL), bacterial feeders (BAC), predators (PRD), omnivores (OMN), and obligatory root feeders (ORF) were more abundant in NT than in MP and RC, but fungal feeders and facultative root feeders (FFR) were more abundant in RC than in NT and MP. Cover crop also influenced nematode community structure; rye and hairy vetch were always higher in ALL, BAC, FFR, ORF, and OMN than fallow. Seasonal changes in nematode community structure were also significant; in particular, as soil carbon increased, nematode abundance also increased. The relationship between nematode indices and soil carbon was significant only in NT, but not in MP and RC. In NT, with increasing soil carbon, enrichment index and structure index (SI) were positive and significant and channel index was negative. Bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with FFR and ORF. Seasonal difference in nematode community between summer and autumn was larger in an upland rice rotation than in a soybean rotation. Over the nine-year experiment, SI increased not only in NT but also in MP and RC, suggesting that repeated similar tillage inversions in agroecosystems may develop nematode community structures adapted to specific soil environmental conditions. Because NT showed the highest values of both SI and soil carbon, the increase of soil carbon in NT is expected to have a great impact on developing a more diverse nematode community structure.     

Do combined applications of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer lower emission of N2O from soil?

Emissions of N₂O were measured following addition of ¹⁵N‐labelled residues of tropical plant species [Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Mucuna pruriens and Leucaena leucocephala] to a Ferric Luvisol from Ghana at a rate of 100 mg N/kg soil under controlled environment conditions. Residues were also applied in different ratio combinations with inorganic N fertilizer, at a total rate of 100 mg N/kg soil. N₂O emissions were increased after addition of residues, and further increased with combined (ratio) applications of residues and inorganic N fertilizer. However, ¹⁵N‐N₂O production was low and short‐lived in all treatments, suggesting that most of the measured N₂O‐N was derived from the applied fertilizer or native soil mineral N pools. There was no consistent trend in magnitude of emissions with increasing proportion of inorganic fertilizer in the application. The positive interactive effect between residue‐ and fertilizer‐N sources was most pronounced in the 25:75 Leucaena:fertilizer and cowpea:fertilizer treatments where 1082 and 1130 mg N₂O‐N/g residue were emitted over 30 days. N₂O (log_e) emission from all residue amended treatments was positively correlated with the residue C:N ratio, and negatively correlated with residue polyphenol content, polyphenol:N ratio and (lignin + polyphenol):N ratio, indicating the role of residue chemical composition in regulating emissions even when combined with inorganic fertilizer. The positive interactive effect in our treatments suggests that it is unlikely that combined applications of residues and inorganic fertilizer can lower N₂O emissions unless the residue is of very low quality promoting strong immobilisation of soil mineral N.     

关于植物群丛划分的探讨

在传统的植物群落分类系统中,群丛是植物群落分类的基本单位.从群丛分类的必要性出发,综述了传统植物群落分类系统中对群丛的定义及其划分方法,即在群丛的划分中主要依据群落中不同层片的优势种或特征种；但是在利用传统植物群落分类方法划分群丛时也存在一些不确定性因素,主要表现在确定群丛的特征种(组)时需要人为确定；同时,论述了当前植物群落数量分类的研究现状,分析了利用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)、主成分分析(PCA)等数量分类方法划分群丛时存在的一些问题,主要表现在数量分类结果与传统分类单位的对应关系不能达到协调一致,无法判断是否划分到了群丛的水平.最后提出了群丛划分方法的展望:数量方法是基础,特征种(组)是及其数量特征是关键.     

Soybean yield and yield components as influenced by the single and repeated flaming

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of single and multiple flaming on crop injury, yield components, and yield of soybean. The goal of this experiment was to determine the number of the maximum flaming treatments which soybean could tolerate without any yield loss. The treatments consisted of a non-flamed control, and broadcast flaming conducted one time (at VC-unfolded cotyledon, V2-second trifoliate, and V5-fifth trifoliate), two times (each at VC and V2, VC and V5, and V2 and V5 stages), and three times (at VC, V2, and V5 stages) resulting in a total of eight treatments. All plots were kept weed-free for the entire growing season by hand hoeing. A propane dose of 50 kg ha⁻¹ was applied with torches parallel to the crop row and at an operating speed of 4.8 km h⁻¹ for all treatments. The response of soybean was measured as visual injury ratings (at 7 and 28 days after treatment – DAT) as well as effects on yield components and yield. Broadcast flaming conducted once (at VC or V5 stage), as well as twice (at VC and V5 stages) exhibited the lowest injury of about 8% at 28 DAT. Any treatment that contained flaming at V2 stage resulted in more than 70% injury at 28 DAT. The highest crop yields were obtained from the non-flamed control (3.45 t ha⁻¹) and the plots flamed once at VC (3.35 t ha⁻¹), V5 (3.32 t ha⁻¹), and two times at VC and V5 (3.24 t ha⁻¹), which were all statistically similar. Soybean flamed at V2 stage had lower yields (1.03 t ha⁻¹ at V2, 0.46 t ha⁻¹ at VC and V2, and 0.38 t ha⁻¹ at V2 and V5). The lowest yields were in soybean flamed three times (VC, V2, and V5 stages), which yielded only 0.36 t ha⁻¹. These results indicate that soybean could tolerate a maximum of two flaming treatments at VC and V5 growth stages per season without any yield reduction.     

品种区域试验主要决选指标及其参数的研究——Ⅳ.参数数量分类与区试品种分类

本文根据变量理论分布对区试中b值及CV值参数的数量分类,提出了适于目前普及推广的查表计算法。在此基础上,对区试品种提出了按主要生产性能指标以量定性的评定分类体系。从而推出可排除主观随意性干扰、较为完整严密的区试汇总模式,并以范例作了运用说明。     

培肥措施对旱地农田土壤CO2排放和碳库管理指数的影响

阐明长期有机物料施肥下土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响机制以及碳库管理指数对黄土高原旱作农业区固碳减排及施肥模式选择的影响尤为重要。基于2012年设置在陇中黄土高原旱作区的长期定位试验,通过不施肥（CK）、氮肥（NF）、有机肥（OM）、秸秆（ST）、有机肥结合无机肥（OMNF）5个处理,测定并计算了2018年不同施肥措施下全年土壤CO₂排放、作物碳排放效率和碳库管理指数的变化,并运用结构方程模型分析了0~30 cm土壤温度、水分、微生物量碳氮、易氧化有机碳、蔗糖酶、脲酶与土壤CO₂排放速率的关系。结果表明：1）与不施肥相比,秸秆、有机结合无机肥和有机肥处理使生育期土壤CO₂排放平均速率提高了42.72%、30.82%和29.79%,秸秆、有机肥处理分别使生育期土壤CO₂排放量显著提高36.35%、32.45%（P<0.05）,有机结合无机肥处理使碳排放效率显著降低41.10%（P<0.05）;2）有机物料处理均能显著提高0~5 cm土层易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳氮、蔗糖酶活性和碳库管理指数,相比不施肥和氮肥处理,有机结合无机肥处理分别使0~30 cm土壤碳库管理指数提高127.41%,99.33%（P<0.05）;3）结构方程模型表明,环境因子对土壤CO₂排放速率的总解释度为53%,对土壤CO₂排放速率总效应较大的影响因素包括土壤温度（2.36）、微生物量碳（1.59）和土壤水分（1.18）,且均间接地影响着土壤CO₂排放速率,土壤温度促进了微生物量碳和蔗糖酶活性的提高,微生物量碳促进了微生物量氮和易氧化有机碳的增加。综合来看,有机结合无机肥处理可以提升土壤碳库管理指数,保持微生物活性,增加作物产量,降低土壤碳排放效率,是陇中黄土高原旱作农业区比较适宜的农田培肥措施。     

荒漠草原主导种群与植物群落地上现存量的关系

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗短花针茅荒漠草原为对象,采用随机区组放牧试验设计,结合对比分析、线性回归分析以及结构方程模型等数据分析方法,探讨荒漠草原主要种群与植物群落地上现存量的关系及在放牧条件下的变化特点。结果表明:随放牧强度增大,短花针茅、无芒隐子草和碱韭主导种群地上现存量占植物群落地上现存量的比例下降,且主导种群与植物群落地上现存量的线性关系减弱;不同年度间主导种群占植物群落地上现存量比例以及线性关系会产生变动;短花针茅种群对荒漠草原植物群落的影响强于无芒隐子草种群和碱韭种群,但无芒隐子草种群在降雨较好年份具有补偿作用。     

平原丘陵地区水土资源联合优化配置

通过对区域水资源和土地资源概况进行研究,利用大系统递阶优化思想,以供水对象相对缺水率最小和农业经济效益最大为目标,建立了区域水土资源联合优化配置模型,并以句容市为例,对平原丘陵地区的水资源在时间和区域上进行了合理安排、设计、组合和布局,对农业种植结构进行了调整。研究结果表明:水资源是土地资源发挥最大优势的基本条件,水资源利用合理与否,直接影响到土地资源的生产效率;而土地资源的利用程度也影响着水资源的变化,土地资源利用效率高,则为水资源的合理开发利用创造条件。     

基于HHT变换的PSO-LSSVM耦合模型估算气象资料短缺地区ET_0

为准确估算气象资料短缺地区参考作物腾发量,构建了一种基于HHT变换的PSO-LSSVM耦合模型,并利用新疆和田气象站2000—2009年单日数据做训练、双日数据做验证。结果表明,该模型估算ET0方法明显优于常规的PSO-LSSVM和GRNN,预测精度较二者分别提高了15.7%~85.6%和15.8%~93.7%;该方法预测ET0的气象要素重要性为RsTmaxTminRHWn,利用该方法对气象要素组合为Tmax/Tmin/RH/Wn、Tmax/RH/Wn、Tmin/Wn、Wn条件下的ET0预测,MSE分别为0.407、0.185、0.149、0.135,说明该方法可以很好地估算资料缺失地区ET0。     

朴素贝叶斯算法在蝴蝶兰病害分类中的应用研究

蝴蝶兰属于热带气生兰,对生长环境的温湿度非常敏感,温湿度过高或过低不仅对蝴蝶兰生长不利而且易引发多种病害。为此,利用传感器采集的蝴蝶兰生长环境空气温湿度数据,运用朴素贝叶斯算法对其进行分类,以此判断蝴蝶兰的健康状况,达到病害分类的目的。实验表明,该方法的平均分类准确率达到81%,与其它统计学预报方法相比,具有简单、易行的优点。