Responses of soil nematode community structure to soil carbon changes due to different tillage and cover crop management practices over a nine-year period in Kanto,Japan |
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| Institution: | 1. Unite Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan;2. National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan;3. College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan;4. Soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan;1. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8751, USA;2. Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 31, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;1. State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China;2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China;1. J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Straße 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;2. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;3. Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;4. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;5. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;6. Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany;1. Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, PR China;2. Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, PR China;3. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China;1. SRUC, Crop and Soil Systems Research Group, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;2. Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. The Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;4. Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;5. Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;2. Vegetable Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;3. Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resource Utilization, Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;5. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA |
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| Abstract: | The response of the soil food web structure to soil quality changes during long-term anthropogenic disturbance due to farming practices has not been well studied. We evaluated the effects of three tillage systems: moldboard plow/rotary harrow (MP), rotary cultivator (RC), and no-tillage (NT), three winter cover-crop types (fallow, FL; rye, RY; and hairy vetch, HV), and two nitrogen fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg N ha?1 for upland rice, and 0 and 20 kg N ha?1 for soybean production) on changes in nematode community structure. Sixty-nine taxa were counted, total nematode abundance (ALL), bacterial feeders (BAC), predators (PRD), omnivores (OMN), and obligatory root feeders (ORF) were more abundant in NT than in MP and RC, but fungal feeders and facultative root feeders (FFR) were more abundant in RC than in NT and MP. Cover crop also influenced nematode community structure; rye and hairy vetch were always higher in ALL, BAC, FFR, ORF, and OMN than fallow. Seasonal changes in nematode community structure were also significant; in particular, as soil carbon increased, nematode abundance also increased. The relationship between nematode indices and soil carbon was significant only in NT, but not in MP and RC. In NT, with increasing soil carbon, enrichment index and structure index (SI) were positive and significant and channel index was negative. Bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with FFR and ORF. Seasonal difference in nematode community between summer and autumn was larger in an upland rice rotation than in a soybean rotation. Over the nine-year experiment, SI increased not only in NT but also in MP and RC, suggesting that repeated similar tillage inversions in agroecosystems may develop nematode community structures adapted to specific soil environmental conditions. Because NT showed the highest values of both SI and soil carbon, the increase of soil carbon in NT is expected to have a great impact on developing a more diverse nematode community structure. |
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| Keywords: | Nematode community Soil carbon Bulk density No-tillage Cover crop |
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