林分断面积生长率公式探讨

根据林分生长理论，结合原始调查数据，对林业生产中的3种断面积生长率理论公式Meyer式、Pressler式和张角式的特性作了进一步研究，并对3种方法作了具体验证。研究结果表明：3种断面积生长率计算方法有一定差异，当后期与前期平均断面积比值大于1.30时，Meyer方法计算断面积生长率高于其余两种方法，张角法则和Pressler法则十分接近，但张角法更有理论依据。     

A review of stand basal area growth models

Growth and yield modeling has a long history in forestry. The methods of measuring the growth of stand basal area have evolved from those developed in the U.S.A. and Germany during the last century. Stand basal area modeling has progressed rapidly since the first widely used model was published by the U.S. Forest Service. Over the years, a variety of models have been developed for predicting the growth and yield of uneven/even-aged stands using stand-level approaches. The modeling methodology has not only moved from an empirical approach to a more ecological process-based approach but also accommodated a variety of techniques such as: 1) simultaneous equation methods, 2) difference models, 3) artificial neural network techniques, 4) linear/nonlinear regres-sion models, and 5) matrix models. Empirical models using statistical methods were developed to reproduce accurately and precisely field observations. In contrast, process models have a shorter history, developed originally as research and education tools with the aim of increasing the understanding of cause and effect relationships. Empirical and process models can be married into hybrid mod-els in which the shortcomings of both component approaches can, to some extent, be overcome. Algebraic difference forms of stand basal area models which consist of stand age, stand density and site quality can fully describe stand growth dynamics. This paper reviews the current literature regarding stand basal area models, discusses the basic types of models and their merits and outlines recent progress in modeling growth and dynamics of stand basal area. Future trends involving algebraic difference forms, good fitting variables and model types into stand basal area modeling strategies are discussed.     

对用削度方程进行材种理论模拟造材公式的推导

文章通过削度方程和有关材种造材标准对理论摸拟造材公式进行了推导验证,达到了造材标准系统差要求,解决了当前国内外利用削度方程编制出材率表时缺乏材种造材系统完整的造材理论公式问题。     

Evapotranspiration estimation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platycladus orientalis</Emphasis> in Northern China based on various models

Platycladus orientalis is one of the most popular afforestation species and greening species for water management in arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. We applied various models to estimate and validate artificial P. orientalis forest evapotranspiration features with the goal of accurately estimating the water use of a P.orientalis plantation. The American Society of Civil Engineers Evapotranspiration–Penman–Monteith model(APM) and FAO56–Penman–Monteith model(FPM) are extensively applied for vegetation evapotranspiration estimation because their reliability has been validated by many scholars. The Priestley–Taylor model(PT) and Hargreaves model(HS) require only the daily maximum temperature,daily minimum temperature and solar radiation to estimate evapotranspiration and are thus widely applied to grasslands but not to forests. We used the Energy Balance Bowen Ratio(EBBR) system to validate the accuracy of the four models. The results indicated that:(1) Compared to the EBBR measurement annual value, APM was the most accurate, followed by FPM, and PT;(2) During the year, the accuracies of the four models varied. APM and FPM underestimated evapotranspiration during June, July and August, whereas PT and HS overestimated evapotranspiration during this period. In the rest of the year, the estimation accuracies were reversed;(3) An analysis of the possible reasons indicated that wind speed, air temperature and precipitation were the most important contributors.High temperatures were measured in June, July and August, which led to an overestimation by PT and HS because these two models only calculated the temperature and radiation without vegetation information. Underestimation also occurred when a low temperature was recorded. Though APM and FPM addressed both meteorological and vegetation factors, slight deviations still existed; and(4) The two models were modified based on EBBR-measured data. Relative humidity was introduced into PT, and parameter ‘‘A’’ in the HS estimation model was amended to1.41. The accuracy of the modified models significantly increased. The study highlighted the application, comparison and improvement of four models in estimating evapotranspiration and offers more approaches to assess forest hydrological functions.     

沙子岭猪生长性状校正公式的制定

<正>生长性状校正公式对于动物遗传评估具有重要的意义。标准的种猪测定多见于瘦肉型猪种,如大约克夏、杜洛克、长白等,且在此基础上都已经有了深入地研究和较为成熟的理论体系。但就目前状况而言,部分地方猪种在这方面的研究还未有完善的性状校正公式,后续的遗传评估等工作也无法开展。沙子岭猪属于国家级畜禽遗传资源保护对象,具有较快的生长速度,性成熟早,5月龄左右即可进行配种,沙子岭猪适配体重在30~50kg左右。     

黄颡鱼耳石初步研究

研究了黄颡鱼耳石的形态结构，并统计了黄颡鱼体长与耳石大半径的关系，两者回归方程为L=5．9249 6．8353R，复相关系数r=0．91。黄颡鱼体长和体重相关公式为W=0．0022L^3.4274。同时退算出黄颡鱼1龄、2龄和3龄时的平均体长分别为17、24．5、29．9cm，均比对应的实际体长小，符合李氏现象。     

渔船航速估算公式

本文搜集国内外212条渔船的实船数据进行航速回归分析,导出覆盖60米、1500排水吨以下各类渔船的简单、精确、面宽的航速估算公式,可以成为渔船快速性分析的良好数学模型。推荐公式为:(?)_8=2.376L~(0.21).B~(-0.206).T~(-0.135).C_B~(-0.245).C_p~(0.157).P_8~(0.208).n~(-0.010).Z~(-0.088) (节)式中:L:排水长度(米),水线长与垂线间长的平均值;B:型宽(米);T:吃水(米);C_B:方形系数;C_p:棱形系数;P_1:轴功率(马力);n:螺旋浆转速(转/分):z:浆叶数(3或4)。公式平均误差约1.7%。     

基于SPEI指数分析河西走廊气象干旱时空变化特征

利用河西走廊1965-2017年21个气象站点逐日气象数据,基于Penman-Monteith蒸散模型计算不同时间尺度的SPEI,分析河西走廊气象干旱的变化趋势、发生频率和持续时间等时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）近53a来河西走廊月、季、年尺度SPEI均呈显著上升趋势,即干旱有显著减弱趋势,但个别站点干旱持续时间较长,其中武威站在2013年持续时长达到11个月;（2）河西走廊四季均存在变湿趋势,且冬季变湿显著,其中春、夏、秋季干旱呈不稳定变化,而冬季在1989年前后发生突变,由干旱向湿润突变;（3）河西走廊干旱的空间分布具有明显的区域特征,干旱区域主要集中在西北部,湿润区域主要集中在南部;（4）不同时间尺度各等级干旱发生频率的变化规律具有一致性,轻中旱发生频率远高于重特旱,且年、季尺度重特旱发生相对高频区空间分布特征与轻中旱正好相反。总之,近53a来河西走廊干旱呈减弱趋势,有利于当地的农业生产开展和生态环境改善,但该区域气候变化较复杂,需要注意局部干旱情况。     

欧氏空间中具有常数量曲率的超曲面的刚性

设x:M → n Rn m 为紧致黎曼流形Mn 到欧氏空间的等距浸入.对于欧氏空间中具有常数量曲率的子流形, 得到一个积分公式,利用这个积分公式证明了:欧氏空间中具常数量曲率的紧致超曲面必然是n维欧氏超球面的一 个刚性.     

原子核电四极矩跃迁强度新经验公式

通过分析8≤ Z≤100偶偶原子核电四极矩跃迁强度 B（E2：0＋→2＋）与2＋态激发能 E（2＋）实验数据,提出了原子核电四极矩跃迁强度新经验公式 B（E2：0＋→2＋）＝33.65 Z2 A －0.71 E－1（2＋）．