日光温室秋茬甜瓜果实生长发育与糖分积累的关系分析

为揭示日光温室特殊环境下甜瓜果实大小和糖分积累的规律和特点,以果型大小和成熟期不同的两个甜瓜品种为试验材料,于果实发育的不同时期观察测定了果实纵横径、果肉细胞数目、细胞大小和糖分含量.结果表明:甜瓜果肉细胞数目快速增长主要发生在花后3d内.甜瓜果实细胞大小在花后3～14d迅速增大.温室甜瓜果实体积快速增长期在花后3～21 d,甜瓜果实大小增长存在明显的品种差异.甜瓜果肉还原糖(果糖和葡萄糖)快速积累期在花后14～28 d(玉金香)或21～35 d(银帝).两个品种蔗糖和总糖快速积累均主要发生在果实成熟前2～4周.同品种果实体积大小和细胞长度和宽度极显著相关,和细胞数目相关不显著,玉金香和银帝品种间体积差异主要原因是细胞数目不同.甜瓜果实糖分增高主要是蔗糖量的不断积累,玉金香含糖量高于银帝的主要原因是蔗糖积累速率较快.     

土壤风蚀对表层土壤粒度特征的影响

土壤风蚀是一种严重的环境问题。文中选择我国西北干旱及半干旱区,风蚀严重的盐池县风沙土地为研究对象,利用Marven2000粒度分析仪对不同风蚀强度的表层土壤粒度进行分析,探讨土壤风蚀过程对地表粒度的影响,研究表明:随着风蚀程度的增加,表层土壤粒度逐渐变粗,由灌丛-推平耕地-草地-吹蚀地,地表中的细沙,粉沙和粘土的含量逐渐降低,而中沙和粗沙的含量逐渐增加。灌丛表面以细沙为主,占34.9%;推平耕地和草地以中沙为主,占32.7和39.1%;吹蚀地以粗沙为主,占44.2%;土壤平均粒径逐渐变粗,分别为2.48,2.08,1.91,1.12φ。土壤风蚀过程,地表的细沙,粉沙和粘土大量损失,灌丛的细沙,粉沙和粘土分别占34.86,20.01和10.98%,但在严重风蚀的吹蚀地,细沙,粉沙和粘土仅占6.09,3.72和2.52%。由此可见,土壤风蚀造成地表细颗粒物质损失,形成沙漠化土地。不同地表沙粒的分维数不同,随平均粒径增加,分维数总体降低。     

Study on the Relationship Between Capacity of Regional AtmosphericEnvironments and the Size of Population Development

The population of university town increases sharply these days, the quality of atmospheric environments continues to deteriorate, and the carrying capacity of environments declines dramatically. People`s environmental awareness is gradually increasing and the demand for quality of life is higher and higher.In order to protect the quality of atmospheric environments, mitigate the adverse effects of population expansion of the university town on the atmospheric environments, and promote the sustainable development of social and economic benefits, to carry out this project is essential. Based on the university town`s existing land-use planning and environmental quality, combined with regional meteorological data, the article uses mathematical modeling to estimate the atmospheric environmental capacity of regional conventional pollution factor. Also, according to the survey data based on per capita resource consumption, this article statistically analyzes the unit of pollutant emissions and regional pollutants emissions. Based on the estimates of environmental capacity, it demonstrates the rationality of existing planning of the university town and also feedback from the perspective of the protection of the atmospheric environment on the population size control of the university town.     

Influence of Mean Size on Ammonia Removal of the Aerobic Granules

Aerobic granules with mean sizes of 1300μm and 900μm were seeded with nitrifying activated sludge in sequencing batch reactors (SBR) in this study. The results show that ammonia removal efficiency of the small-size granules increased to 90% within 2 weeks, while big-size granules got to the same level in 3 weeks. It is speculated that small-size granules had greater increasing nitrification rate for their bigger surface area and greater absorption ability when seeded with nitrifying activated sludge, which caused fast seeding of nitrifying bacteria in R2. Through cycle analysis, it shows that it took about 2.5h for the both reactors to remove ammonia in the system, though the nitrification rate in R1 (0.033d-1 ) is lower that that of R2 (0.033d-1 ). The higher biomass concentration in R1 (10g/l) than that in R2 (6g/l) explains. At the same, it was found that total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal efficiency in R1 was higher than that in R2, i.e. 64.7% vs. 57.3%, which was resulted from the bigger anoxic zone in R1.     

A nonlinear model for temperature‐dependent development of Erysiphe necator chasmothecia on grapevine leaves

Production and development of the chasmothecia of Erysiphe necator on Vitis vinifera leaves were studied using potted plants in controlled and outdoor environments and grapevines in a vineyard. The optimum temperature for ascocarp production was 20°C; fewer chasmothecia were produced at 15°C and even fewer at 25°C; at 10 and 30°C, no or very few chasmothecia were observed, and none reached maturity. Nonlinear equations describing ascocarp development as a function of time and temperature were developed, parameterized with data from experiments at constant temperatures, and evaluated under fluctuating temperatures. Goodness‐of‐fit showed high agreement between observed and predicted data: the model efficacy ranged from 0·74 to 0·97 (1·0 indicates a perfect fit), and the root mean square error ranged from 0·001 to 0·01 (zero indicates a perfect fit). The high proportion of the observed variability accounted for by these equations (R² = 0·83–0·98) supported the hypothesis that temperature has a predominant role in ascocarp development under natural conditions, when all environmental factors interact. The equations tended to overestimate the production of mature chasmothecia (the coefficient of residual mass was ?0·23), but this inconsistency mainly occurred when rainfall apparently washed the mature chasmothecia from leaves during the logarithmic phase of the ascocarp developmental curve. Results from this work will be useful for predicting the development of chasmothecia in a vineyard and for timing the use of natural products, fungicides or biocontrol agents for reducing the population of chasmothecia, which are all more effective when they are applied to immature chasmothecia.     

全混合日粮营养水平和粒度对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响

选24只空怀期小尾寒羊母羊,采用2×2二因子析因试验设计,研究了不同营养水平(A11.0倍中国肉羊饲养标准、A21.5倍中国肉羊饲养标准),不同粒度(B1不粉碎、B2粉碎)全混合日粮(total mixed ration,TMR)对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响.结果表明:食后2～8h,绵羊瘤胃液pH先降低后升高,在6.21～6.80之间波动,1.5倍营养水平极显著降低了绵羊食后2h和4h的瘤胃液pH(P<0.01),显著降低了绵羊食后6h的瘤胃液pH(P<0.05).在各时间点,采食1.5倍营养水平TMR的绵羊瘤胃液总氮、尿素氮和蛋白氮浓度,极显著高于采食1.0倍营养水平TMR的绵羊(P<0.01).在食前、食后2h和4h,采食含1.5倍营养水平TMR的绵羊瘤胃液氨氮浓度极显著高于采食含1.0倍营养水平TMR的绵羊(P<0.01).在食后2、4、6h,采食粉碎TMR的绵羊瘤胃液氨氮浓度显著低于采食未粉碎TMR的绵羊(P<0.05),但瘤胃液尿素氮浓度变化规律却相反(P<0.05).采食1.0倍营养水平和未粉碎TMR的绵羊瘤胃液挥发性总酸含量极显著高于采食1.5倍营养水平和粉碎TMR的绵羊(P<0.01).据此认为:绵羊饲喂TMR,瘤胃液pH波动范围较小,有利于维持瘤胃内环境的平衡;饲喂1.5倍营养水平TMR,绵羊瘤胃液总氮、氨态氮、尿素氮和蛋白氮浓度升高,促进瘤胃微生物发酵,有利于提高绵羊生产性能.饲喂粉碎TMR,绵羊瘤胃液总氮、蛋白氮和尿素氮浓度升高,氨态氮浓度显著降低,微生物对蛋白的分解减少,过瘤胃蛋白的比例增加,从而提高了蛋白质利用率.     

限根栽培对设施大樱桃幼树控冠效果的研究

为解决设施大樱桃树冠生长旺盛、结果晚、产量低的问题,采用槽式、箱筐式以及结合根系断根修剪的限根技术,研究了不同限根方式对设施大樱桃幼树的控冠效果。结果表明,环形断根抑制株高和新梢生长的作用大于平行行向两侧纵向断根的抑制作用,其中环形断根抑制株高首年和次年分别为20.4%和19.1%,平行行向两侧纵向断根抑制株高首年和次年分别为18.3%和11.4%;环形断根抑制新梢生长长度首年和次年分别为23.7%和25.3%,平行行向两侧纵向断根抑制新梢长度首年和次年分别为18.4%和15.3%。限根栽培第2年,环形断根和平行行向两侧纵向断根处理每株花芽形成数量分别高于对照51.6%和61.7%,每株花束状果枝数分别高于对照84.6%和67.0%。限根栽培改变了树体内赤霉素水平。研究认为,限根栽培明显抑制设施大樱桃的生长,并能显著提高设施大樱桃花芽分化数量;设施大樱桃限根栽培方式可以采用断根修剪处理和箱框式限根处理,断根处理的限根栽培方式以平行行向距主干30cm处两侧纵向断根为宜。     

小尾寒羊AA-NAT基因克隆及其与繁殖性能的关系

根据牛AA-NAT基因DNA序列和绵羊该基因mRNA序列,设计5对引物(P1～P5),每对引物分别扩增随机选取的8只小尾寒羊,PCR产物克隆测序,序列拼接获得小尾寒羊AA-NAT的DNA序列,总长为2 138 bp。序列比对发现P3的扩增产物中存在C617T的沉默突变。根据获得的小尾寒羊AA-NAT基因的DNA序列设计引物P6,利用PCR-RFLP技术分别在常年发情绵羊品种(小尾寒羊、白杜泊)和季节性发情绵羊品种(滩羊、萨福克和特克塞尔)中检测该位点的多态性。结果发现引物P6扩增片段在滩羊、萨福克和特克塞尔中均检测到CC、CT和TT 3种基因型,在小尾寒羊和白杜泊中只检测到CC和CT 2种基因型;该突变位点不同基因型分布在常年发情绵羊品种和季节性发情绵羊品种间存在显著差异(P<0.05);小尾寒羊CC和CT基因型频率分别为0.24和0.76,CC型母羊平均产羔数比CT型多0.48只(P<0.01)。本研究结果初步表明,AA-NAT基因617位点与绵羊的常年发情可能存在一定关联,C等位基因可能是提高绵羊产羔数的一个潜在有效的标记。     

Effect of landscape and population variables on immune response in experimentally introduced bush-cricket populations

Despite the growing interest in relationships between ecological variables and individual immune function, few empirical data have been available from wild populations. In this study, I assayed the immune response from 370 wild-caught bush-crickets, Metrioptera roeseli, from 20 experimentally introduced populations, by measuring individual encapsulation responses to a surgically implanted nylon monofilament. Bush-crickets descended from populations introduced into larger habitat patches showed a greater immune response when compared to individuals from smaller habitat-area introductions. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between immune response and the amount of linear elements at the introduction site. However, there was a lack of effect of population variables (i.e., propagule size and rate of population growth) on immune response. These results suggest that large-scale environmental parameters, such as patch size and connectivity, can be important for an individual’s physiological health and its ability to defend against disease-causing agents. Such effects are likely to compound the negative impacts associated with isolation of sub-populations and habitat fragmentation.     

疏目拖网改革试验

将单拖网具的网目从原来的140.0mm放大到400.0mm、2000.0mm和8000.0mm之后,相应的网口周长也从原来的72.8m扩大到88.0m、148.0m和300.0m.在渔船主机功率不变的情况下,相应的拖速从3.0节提高到4.0、4.5和5.0节.网口高度也提高了2～5m.生产试验捕捞中上层等栖息水层较高的鱼类,渔获产量明显地提高.