东北漫岗黑土区防护林带分布对浅沟侵蚀的影响

东北漫岗黑土区坡耕地浅沟侵蚀非常严重,防护林带体系作为坡耕地的重要组成部分,势必会对浅沟侵蚀过程产生影响。本文以漫岗黑土区黑龙江鹤山农场典型小流域为研究对象,基于Quickbird高精度遥感影像和数字高程模型,结合实地调查结果,对小流域内防护林带的分布规律和浅沟侵蚀规律进行了分析,并探讨了防护林带布局对坡面浅沟侵蚀的影响。结果表明:在横坡耕作的坡面上,临界汇水区范围内林带的个数与临界坡长、临界汇水面积呈显著正相关,即增加林带个数、减小林带间距可以增大临界坡长和临界汇水面积,而研究区防护林带间距过大,大于该区浅沟发生的临界坡长,并且防护林带间断有利于浅沟的发育;同时,坡耕地垄向由于受到防护林带影响而与其走向一致,使垄沟笔直穿过低洼水线,形成局部顺坡垄,间接诱发浅沟侵蚀。因此,通过增加横坡耕作坡面上防护林带个数、缩小林带间距、加强林带的管护和更新,同时对不合理的防护林带进行必要的调整,才能有效防治坡面浅沟侵蚀。     

不同抗性烤烟品种根际微生物数量及多样性差异研究

以不同烤烟品种云85（高抗）、K326（中抗）、净叶黄（中感）和红花大金元（高感）为材料,通过平板菌落计数法和Biolog方法比较了不同烤烟品种不同生育时期以及接种黑胫病菌后根际可培养微生物数量及群落功能多样性差异。结果表明,不同品种根际细菌数量随生育进程先增加后减少,真菌刚好相反,且细菌和真菌趋势拐点均出现在现蕾期,放线菌变化不大;团棵期和旺长期细菌和放线菌数量与品种抗性正相关,真菌数量与品种抗性呈负相关。人工接种黑胫病菌条件下,抗病品种根际环境刺激了细菌生长,而相对抑制感病品种细菌生长,不同品种均促进了根际真菌和放线菌生长,且真菌数量与品种抗性负相关。Biolog功能多样性分析表明,不同品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性存在一定差异,团棵期和旺长期抗病品种AWCD值、Shannon指数和Mclntosh指数大于感病品种;接种降低了感病品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性。以上结果说明,不同品种微生物数量及群落多样性受生长发育和品种抗性影响,且抗性差异主要表现在烤烟现蕾以前;与黑胫病互作后根际微生物数量及群落多样性存在明显差异且与品种抗性密切相关。     

土壤钝化剂对黑土中铜的原位固定作用

采用盆栽试验研究3种钝化剂(粉煤灰、磷灰石和膨润土)对黑土中铜(Cu)的化学形态、生物积累和有效性的影响。结果表明:3种钝化剂能显著降低Cu污染黑土中水提取态(DW)、TCLP提取态和二乙基三胺五乙酸-三乙醇胺(DTPA-TEA)提取态Cu含量,其中以膨润土的效果最为明显;Tessier连续提取测定发现,3种钝化剂显著降低非残留态Cu(水溶态和交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态)含量(p<0.01),增加残留态Cu含量,表明3种钝化剂通过改变黑土中Cu的化学形态,降低了黑土中Cu的可淋失性和生物有效性;与对照相比,添加钝化剂能显著降低水稻地上部分的Cu含量(p<0.01),如在400Cu mg/kg处理的土壤上,添加2.5%的粉煤灰、磷灰石和膨润土使米粉中的Cu含量分别降低21.8%,22.7%和31.9%。土壤中可淋失态和生物有效态Cu的分析表明,钝化剂主要是通过改变土壤中Cu的化学形态,降低土壤中Cu的生物有效性,以降低Cu在水稻中的积累;试验表明,Cu污染土壤中施用钝化剂可以修复Cu污染,降低水稻Cu污染风险。     

Soil loss,soil degradation and rehabilitation in a degraded land area in Guarapuava (Brazil)

Erosion and soil degradation are environmental impacts recognized worldwide. The degraded areas in the Guarapuava region are small (patchy). However, these areas are important sources of sediment that affects water quality in rural catchments and could threaten farm sustainability because farmers in this region generally have only a small area for cultivation. This paper presents a case study at a field scale that explores key questions concerning the evaluation of soil erosion, the appraisal of soil degradation and area recovery. This study was carried out over seven years (2002–2008). Several different measurement procedures were employed including assessment of soil loss, aggregation distribution, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate water retention and palisade efficiency. The degraded area displayed a very high soil loss (165.2–217.7 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). The palisades were efficient for sediment retention because they were able to trap 62–88 per cent of the total sediment that originated in the area during the first year when this management technique was applied. After their installation, the retained sediment was gradually enhanced with respect to its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The palisades promoted efficient soil recuperation in spite of the degraded conditions of the degraded area (shallow rills and cohesive soil). The use of palisades together with enclosure of the area was the most efficient method for promoting soil recovery and plant succession. These techniques allowed transformation of the area from a loss system towards an accumulation system with respect to sediment, water, nutrients, organic matter and seeds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

远红外辐射对萎凋叶氧化酶活性及红茶品质的影响

基于远红外特有的光热效应以及光萎凋在茶叶加工中的优越性,通过单因素试验深入分析不同时长和强度的远红外光萎凋对多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及红茶生化成分和感官品质的影响。结果表明,萎凋叶中多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性随远红外光强度的上升而上升,随远红外光时间的延长呈现先上升后下降的趋势,POD活性变化趋势与PPO相似,两者活性均以15 W/m ²远红外光处理3 h的萎凋叶最高且较对照分别提升14.4%和23.5%;此条件处理后的红茶与对照相比氨基酸含量提高8.4%,茶多酚总量下降14.3%,茶黄素含量提高20.5%,茶红素含量提高11.9%,同时感官审评得分最高。实验优化了红茶加工中远红外辐射萎凋的工艺参数,可为远红外辐射在红茶加工中的应用提供理论依据。     

花生网斑病化学防治药剂及复配增效配方的筛选

为了筛选防治花生网斑病菌的有效药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定12种杀菌剂原药对花生网斑病菌的室内毒力活性,筛选出防效较好的杀菌剂;选取不同类型的杀菌剂进行复配,并对花生网斑病菌进行室内毒力测定试验。结果表明:95%咯菌腈、98.6%嘧菌酯、97%咪鲜胺、95%苯醚甲环唑、95%己唑醇、95%甲基硫菌灵、97%戊唑醇对花生网斑病菌具有较强的抑制作用。87%代森联与97%咪鲜胺按1:9复配时,具有增效作用,EC₅₀值为0.673 μg/mL。室内杀菌剂毒力测定结果显示试验选取的单剂和复配药剂均对花生网斑病菌的菌丝生长具有抑制效果,该结果为花生网斑病的研究提供了理论依据,为下一步田间防效试验奠定基础。     

豫南砂姜黑土区玉米新型肥料的应用效果分析

为了进一步提高豫南砂姜黑土区玉米产量与改善土壤环境条件,本研究以常规尿素为对照(CK),通过2年的大田试验,对比分析同等施肥条件下施用控释尿素(CRU)及含生物质炭(BU)、微肥(MU)、腐植酸(HAU)尿素4种玉米新型肥料对玉米生长与养分吸收的影响,同时,评价施用新型肥料对土壤硝态氮残留及玉米经济效益的影响。结果表明：施用新型肥料较CK均提高了玉米子粒产量,增幅范围为2.7%~10.9%,其中,以HAU增幅最高(10.9%),CRU (8.8%)次之,BU和MU增幅相对较低。与CK相比,HAU穗粒数和百粒重分别提高了9.7%和9.2%,植株氮和磷吸收量分别提高了20.6%和27.5%,差异显著;其他处理产量构成因素、养分吸收量与CK之间差异均未达到显著水平。同时,HAU较CK显著降低了0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量：其中,0~20 cm土层降幅为26.4%,20~40 cm土层降幅为32.4%。各处理产投比由高至低依次表现为HAU (2.14)>CRU (2.05)>MU (2.04)≈CK (2.04)>BU (2.03)。因此,在豫南砂姜黑土区施用含腐植酸尿素不仅能够促进玉米增产增收,而且能够降低土壤硝酸盐污染的风险,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

杜仲叶复合工夫红茶的加工工艺研究

以杜仲叶与新鲜茶叶为主要原料,经漂烫、萎凋、揉捻、发酵及干燥等工序研制出杜仲叶复合工夫红茶。以茶叶的感官评价为评价标准,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定杜仲叶复合工夫红茶的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,杜仲叶复合工夫红茶的漂烫工艺参数为:漂烫温度95℃,漂烫时间2 min;萎凋工艺参数为:萎凋温度30℃,萎凋湿度20%,萎凋时间3 h;人工揉捻工艺参数为:轻压10 min-重压10 min-轻压10 min;发酵工艺参数为:发酵温度30℃,发酵湿度95%,发酵时间5 h。该工艺条件下制得的杜仲叶复合工夫红茶的品质、风味俱佳。     

Effects of wounding fungicide-treated potato seed tubers on silver scurf disease on daughter tubers at harvest

Summary Silver scurf on daughter tubers at harvest was decreased by treating seed tubers with imazalil or thiabendazole in March but significantly increased when the treated tubers were wounded the day before planting in May. The disease was also increased by wounding seed tubers not treated with fungicide. Black dot was decreased by seed treatment with imazalil but was not affected by wounding.     

松嫩平原黑土带保土培肥可持续发展技术体系研究

松嫩平原是黑龙江省主要的商品粮产地,土地的用养结合对黑龙江省农业发展至关重要。研究提出黑土带保土培肥可持续发展技术体系,从土壤耕作、作物种植方式、田间水分和肥料管理等6个方面进行了全方位的设计。