豫南砂姜黑土区玉米新型肥料的应用效果分析

为了进一步提高豫南砂姜黑土区玉米产量与改善土壤环境条件,本研究以常规尿素为对照(CK),通过2年的大田试验,对比分析同等施肥条件下施用控释尿素(CRU)及含生物质炭(BU)、微肥(MU)、腐植酸(HAU)尿素4种玉米新型肥料对玉米生长与养分吸收的影响,同时,评价施用新型肥料对土壤硝态氮残留及玉米经济效益的影响。结果表明：施用新型肥料较CK均提高了玉米子粒产量,增幅范围为2.7%~10.9%,其中,以HAU增幅最高(10.9%),CRU (8.8%)次之,BU和MU增幅相对较低。与CK相比,HAU穗粒数和百粒重分别提高了9.7%和9.2%,植株氮和磷吸收量分别提高了20.6%和27.5%,差异显著;其他处理产量构成因素、养分吸收量与CK之间差异均未达到显著水平。同时,HAU较CK显著降低了0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量：其中,0~20 cm土层降幅为26.4%,20~40 cm土层降幅为32.4%。各处理产投比由高至低依次表现为HAU (2.14)>CRU (2.05)>MU (2.04)≈CK (2.04)>BU (2.03)。因此,在豫南砂姜黑土区施用含腐植酸尿素不仅能够促进玉米增产增收,而且能够降低土壤硝酸盐污染的风险,具有较为广阔的应用前景。

Application Effects of New-type Fertilizers on Maize in Lime Concrete Black Soil of Southern Henan

To further increase maize yield and improve a better environment condition in lime concrete black soil of Southern Henan, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of conventional urea (CK), controlled release urea (CRU) and new-type urea containing biochar (BU), microelement (MU) and humic acid (HAU) on maize growth and nutrient absorption under the same fertilization rate. We also evaluated the changes of soil nitrate content and maize economic benefits under different new-type fertilizers. The results showed that the application of new-type fertilizers could increase maize grain yield compared with CK, by the range of 2.7%-10.9%. Among the new-type fertilizers, HAU had the highest increase rate (10.9%), followed by CRU (8.8%), but the increase rates under BU and MU were relatively low. Compared with CK, the number of grains per ear and 100-grain weight under HAU were increased by 9.7% and 9.2%, and the plant uptakes of nitrogen and phosphorus were increased by 20.6% and 27.5%, respectively, with a significant difference level; however, there was no significant difference in yield components or in nutrient uptakes between the other treatments and CK. Additionally, HAU significantly reduced the nitrate content at the 0-40 cm soil depth compared with CK, the nitrate contents were reduced by 26.4% and 32.4% at the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil depths, respectively. The order of the output-input ratio among all treatments was HAU (2.14) > CRU (2.05) > MU (2.04) ≈ CK (2.04) > BU (2.03). Therefore, the application of humic acid urea could not only increase the maize yield and economic benefit, but also reduce the risk of nitrate pollution in soil, which has a broad application prospect in lime concrete black soil of Southern Henan.