我国西部地区基层兽医包虫病认知情况及其影响因素

为掌握我国包虫病流行区基层兽医对包虫病防控相关知识的认知情况,分析影响其认知的可能因素,选择我国西部5省区共312名基层兽医作为研究对象进行问卷调查。问卷共包含基础知识和专业知识两部分。计算每个知识点的知晓率,并比较不同人群是否存在差异。结果显示:基层兽医对包虫病防控知识的总知晓率为62.03%,其中基础知识知晓率较高,平均为74.34%,专业知识知晓率较低,平均为47.80%;不同人群对包虫病的知晓程度有差异,来自青海省和新疆维吾尔自治区的基层兽医对包虫病认知明显高于其他省区,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);女性、具有大专及以上教育程度的基层兽医认知水平较高。结果表明,包虫病流行区基层兽医对包虫病的认知水平总体偏低,应加强对基层兽医的宣传与教育,尤其应开展包虫病防治知识和防治政策等专业性培训,并保证宣教的持续性和系统性。     

基层兽医在猪病治疗中存在问题及改进措施

细菌疾病诊断治疗是基层兽医工作的重要内容,更是防范传染性疾病发生流行,保障动物健康生长的关键环节。在进行疾病诊治中,一旦出现误诊或者治疗方法不当,药物使用不科学不仅会影响动物的身体健康,还会威胁畜禽动物的生命安全,造成养殖户直接经济损失。该文主要论述基层兽医在猪病诊疗中存在的问题进行论述,并提出改进措施。     

Nasogastric Intubation as Health and Safety Risk in Equine Practice—A Questionnaire

Placing a nasogastric tube can be a life-saving act for a horse but is considered an occupational hazard for veterinarians. An online questionnaire was performed to assess and specify potential risks. 123 equine veterinarians completed the survey, and the majority admitted using the mouth to handle the end of the nasogastric tube (sucking or blowing air) and having accidentally swallowed or aspirated stomach content or medications. This can potentially lead to aspiration pneumonia or pneumonitis. Mineral oil seems to be especially dangerous as aspiration may be asymptomatic at the beginning and lipoid pneumonitis may develop. Furthermore, 60% of responders would also handle the tube with their mouth if the horse was presented with fever and diarrhea or reflux formation, which might be affected by Salmonella sp. or Clostridium difficile producing toxins. The fact that nasogastric tubes are rarely being disinfected increases the risk of infection. 50% of veterinarians would use their mouth to suck or blow air into the tube during nasogastric intubation, even if the patient was presented with suspected poisoning. Rodenticide zinc phosphide is particularly dangerous as its breakdown product is a highly toxic gas. Inhalation leads to serious symptoms in humans, including pulmonary edema and neurological signs. Alternatives to mouth use (lavage, big syringe, or suction pump) when passing a tube should be considered, especially if a patient is presented with duodenitis—proximal jejunitis, diarrhea, or suspected poisoning. Awareness needs to be raised among veterinarians that nasogastric intubation is an extremely hazardous occupational practice.     

Serosurvey and Observational Study of US Army Veterinary Corps Officers for Q Fever Antibodies from 1989 to 2008

Since World War II, the military has experienced outbreaks of Q fever among deploying units including recent case reports of Q fever in US military personnel returning from serving in the Middle East during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Occupational exposure and prevalence of Q fever among US Army Veterinary Corps officers have not been examined. A retrospective serosurvey and observational study of 500 military veterinarians were conducted using archived serum specimens from military veterinarians who entered and served between 1989 and 2008 and were tested for exposure to Coxiella burnetii. Corresponding longitudinal health‐related, demographic, medical and deployment data were examined. A total of 69 (13.8%) individuals at military entry and 85 (17%) had late career positive titres. A total of 18 (3.6%) individuals showed seroconversion. Women were more likely to be seropositive after military service [prevalence ratio (PR) 1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–3.35] and were also more likely to seroconvert (incidence rate ratio 3.55; 95% CI 1.19–12.7). Women who deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom were more likely to be seropositive (PR 3.17; 95% CI 1.03–9.71). Veterinarians with field service and pathology specialties had the highest incidence rates (7.0/1000 PY; 95% CI 4–12 and 3–19, respectively). This is the first report documenting US military veterinarians' exposure to C. burnetii. Military veterinarians are at risk prior to service, with moderate number of new cases developing during service and most maintaining titres for long periods of time. Women consistently demonstrated higher seroprevalence and incidence levels. As increasing numbers of women enter the veterinary profession and subsequently the US Army, this may warrant close monitoring. This study likely underestimates exposure and risk and does not address chronic health effects, which may be valuable to explore in future health studies.     

Farrier services at veterinary teaching hospitals in the USA

Horse health is best served when farriers and veterinarians collaborate in the care of their patients. Veterinary Teaching Hospitals (VTHs) provide an environment that can nurture that collaboration. While VTH veterinary services are well known, VTH farrier activities are undocumented. To characterise farrier services at VTHs in the USA, 27 VTH Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons and/or VTH farriers completed a multiple choice questionnaire characterising VTH farrier details, training, certification, remuneration method, and clinical, teaching and research responsibilities; and farrier service prevalence, facilities and financial viability. Questionnaire response rate was 81%. Eighteen of 22 (82%) responding VTHs had in‐house farrier services. Twenty‐one of 22 (95%) VTH farriers were male. Farriers' ages ranged from <30 years (n = 1, 5%) to >50 years (n = 7, 32%). At 11 (61%) VTHs the farriers were paid by the client and at 7 (39%) by the VTH. Five farriers (23%) received a VTH salary. Eighteen of 22 (82%) farriers had a professional certification. At 5 (28%) VTHs the farrier service made a profit and operational costs were met at 13 (72%). Fifteen (83%) farrier services provided professional education in clinical settings and 13 (72%) in lecture settings. Nine (41%) VTH farriers participated in research activities. In the USA, VTH farrier services vary considerably in both nature and extent. The farriers' potential contributions to VTH operations are often recognised but not consistently exploited. VTH farriers are a valuable resource who can contribute effectively toward VTH patient care, veterinary education and research.     

Epidemiological Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage among Veterinary Staff of Companion Animals in Japan

Veterinary staff carrying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) can be a source of MRSA infection in animals. To identify risk factors of MRSA carriage among veterinary staff, MRSA carriage and epidemiological information (sex, career, contact with MRSA-identified animal patients and others) were analyzed from 96 veterinarians and 70 veterinary technicians working at 71 private veterinary clinics in Japan. Univariate analysis determined sex (percentage of MRSA carriage, male (29.2%) vs. female (10%); P=0.002) and career (veterinarians (22.9%) vs. veterinary technicians (10%); P=0.030) as risk factors. Multivariable analysis revealed that sex was independently associated with MRSA carriage (adjusted odds ratio, 3.717; 95% confidence interval, 1.555–8.889; P=0.003). Therefore, male veterinary staff had a higher risk of MRSA carriage than female staff.     

养殖场兽医监管过程中存在的问题和改进

养殖场是动物源性食品安全监管的源头,而养殖场兽医工作至关重要,只有依法保护养殖场兽医合法权益,提高兽医社会地位,确保兽医相对独立开展工作,明确养殖场兽医的动物性食品安全保护职责,才能真正使养殖环节动物源性食品安全落到实处。本文就养殖场兽医监管过程中存在的问题提出建议。     

执业兽医与执业兽医制度

我国建立执业兽医制度具有必要性与必然性。通过对我国的执业兽医制度与国外的制度分析比较,提出我国执业兽医制度建设的五个主要方面：兽医从业规定、执业兽医资格考试、执业兽医注册、执业兽医从业管理以及兽医自律组织,强调国家和行业应积极推进兽医制度和体制建设。     

中国兽医协会的建立与管理模式研究

根据行业协会基础理论,结合我国兽医管理需要提出中国兽医协会的性质、定义和宗旨。依据《社会团体登记管理条例》,结合本行业实际,归纳出通俗易懂,便于操作的中国兽医协会建立(登记)程序。通过研究分析发现传统的自上而下和自发模式都不适用于中国兽医协会的建立,而介于两种模式之间的中间模式是本协会的最佳建立模式。提出了制约中国兽医协会建立的四方面因素,认为其中政府因素起主导作用。全面阐明了中国兽医协会运作机制。会员的入会机制、条件、程序、会员的种类;设置了中国兽医协会组织结构、组织机构、提出了组织机构的职能;参考国外兽医协会,结合我国兽医行业发展需要设置了八个分支机构,并分别规定了会员范围和职能;设置了办事机构,并制定了相应职能;提出协会资金筹措渠道;最后总结出中国兽医协会的职能。总结出以登记管理、运行管理、组织管理等为主线的中国兽医协会管理模式。该管理模式是作者首次提出我国包括行业协会在内的非政府组织最清晰、最适用的管理模式。