大豆重组自交系群体荚粒性状的QTL分析

利用大豆重组自交系soy01群体中的255个家系进行2年田间试验，采用两种作图方法，寻找一粒荚、四粒荚、每荚粒数等5个荚粒性状稳定的QTL。结果表明，利用区间作图法，2年共找到24个荚粒性状QTL，解释的遗传变异为5%~80%；利用复合区间作图法，2年共找到27个荚粒性状QTL，解释的遗传变异为4%~73%。利用复合区间作图法，2年找到2个重复出现、稳定的四粒荚QTL和2个每荚粒数QTL，为大豆荚粒性状QTL的精细定位和分子标记辅助育种提供了基础和依据。     

Selection for pod retention and pod indehiscence in lentils

Summary The genetic variation for seed yield losses and the response to selection for reduction of such losses was studied by a six-week delay in the timing of harvest in various segregating populations from four lentil crosses. The bulk segregating populations had previously been subjected to different numbers of selection by means of a delayed harvest. The loss in seed yield from a delayed harvest in the two seasons 1981/82 and 1982/83 accounted for 551 and 105 kg/ha seed, representing 34 and 11% of the yield from a correctly timed harvest respectively. Pod drop accounted for 65% of this loss, whereas dehiscence gave 35% of the loss in both seasons. The parents of cross 4 differed significantly for pod dehiscence, with genotype 74TA 550 showing relative indehiscence. Selection by means of a delayed harvest of bulk populations decreased pod dehiscence, mean seed weight and bulk mean yield.     

Inheritance of groat protein percentage in Avena sativa L. × A. Fatua L. Crosses

Summary Gene action and heritability of groat protein percentage were determined in F₁, F₂, and F₃ generations of nine crosses between three Avena sativa L. cultivars and three A. fatua L. selections. Relationships among groat protein percentage, grain yield, and 100-seed weight also were evaluated. The three A. sativa parents were Dal (high grain yield and intermediate groat protein percentage), Goodland (low grain yield and high groat protein percentage), and Stout (high grain yield and low groat protein percentage). The three A. fatua parents were chosen for the study on the basis of vigorous plant growth and high groat protein percentage. The study was conducted at Madison, Wisconsin in 1979 and 1980.There was partial dominance towards low groat protein percentage. Narrow sense heritability estimates for groat protein percentage were low in Dal and Goodland crosses and intermediate in Stout crosses. In the F₂ generation, groat protein percentage was significantly higher in shattering than in nonshattering plants in 1979, but not in 1980. There were significant, positive correlations between groat protein percentage, 100-seed weight, and grain yield in F₁ and F₂ generations, but they were not large numerically. Relationships among these traits were either negative or nonsignificant in the F₃ generation. Although our results indicated that selection for higher groat protein percentage is possible when a low protein A. sativa cultivar is used, most of our simple cross progenies from A. sativa x A. fatua crosses had weak straw and were susceptible to crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda. var. avenae Fraser and Led.).     

Fine mapping of the genetic locus L1 conferring black pods using a chromosome segment substitution line population of soybean

The colour of plant organs is a useful trait in crop breeding. The pod colours of soybeans primarily include black, brown and tan types, which are controlled by two classical genetic loci, L1 and L2. Most wild soybeans have black pods, which reflect a possible role in adaptation to the natural environment. Here, an improved chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population SojaCSSLP3 was established to identify the L1 gene. The segment on the 19th chromosome represented by the SSR marker Satt313 was found to link with locus L1. The region was further delimited three times with increased SSR and InDel markers using a population derived from a heterozygous plant of CSSL124 from SojaCSSLP3. The L1 gene was finally located in a 184.43‐kb region between SSR_19p09 and Indel_19P7. Thirteen putative genes in this region were analysed with qRT‐PCR. The expression level of Glyma19 g27460, which is a member of the SANT superfamily with a MYB DNA‐binding domain, was significantly upregulated in black pods and was recognized to be the most likely candidate for the L1 gene.     

甘蓝型油菜叶片和角果气体交换参数差异的比较

为探究油菜叶片与角果间光合特性的差异,以双低高油甘蓝型油菜杂交种秦优7号为材料,在不同光照、CO2浓度、温度和一日之内不同时间点等条件下比较了叶片和角果间气体交换参数的差别,结果显示:叶片和角果的气体交换参数随光强、CO2浓度、温度、一日之内时间的变化趋势基本相同。在同等光照条件下,叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率和气孔限制值均高于角果,而胞间CO2浓度蒸腾速率低于角果;叶片的光饱和点、光补偿点、光呼吸速率明显比角果低,而光量子效率显著高于角果。在同等CO2浓度条件下叶片的净光合速率、水分利用效率、气孔限制值均明显高于角果,而胞间CO2浓度低于角果;叶片的CO2饱和点、CO2补偿点均比角果低,而羧化效率则显著高于角果。叶片进行光合反应的最适温度低于角果,在各自最适和相同温度范围内叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值均明显高于角果,而叶片的胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率则比角果明显降低。在整个日变化范围内叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、气孔限制值、水分利用效率明显比角果高,而叶片的胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率则明显比角果低。     

基于小波包原理的蚕茧无损检测研究

提出了基于声学的蚕茧无损检测新方法，研究了利用小波包原理提取噪声信号的特征值的方法。噪声信号经过小波包分解后，得到各频段内的信号，将各频段内信号的能量谱作为识别蚕蛹质量的特征值。结果表明，通过小波包原理提取的能量谱特征值能有效地识别出蚕蛹的质量，解决了蚕茧无损检测过程中难找出与蚕蛹质量有关的信号特征值的难题。     

大豆豆荚与叶片超微结构的比较

以大豆品种东农42为试验材料,对其R4～R6期的叶片和豆荚的叶绿素含量及叶绿体超微结构进行了比较研究。电镜观察表明,叶片的叶肉细胞具有明显的栅栏组织和海绵组织,而豆荚作为叶片的同源器官其同化组织则无此明显区分。豆荚同化细胞的细胞壁厚,细胞排列呈梭形交错,细胞间隙小,有较多的胞间连丝,豆荚细胞中的叶绿体数量较叶肉细胞中的叶绿体少。R4的初期,淀粉粒较少,类囊体片层数量较多,但主要以基质片层纵向贯穿于叶绿体中;R5～R6期,豆荚的类囊体垛叠成基粒较明显,且淀粉粒逐渐增多;R6期,豆荚和叶片的叶绿体内都有数量不等的嗜锇小球积累。豆荚的叶绿体繁殖是独立于细胞分裂的现有叶绿体二分裂产生(哑铃状分裂)。叶绿素含量测定表明,豆荚叶绿素含量较叶片叶绿素含量低,这主要是与豆荚的叶绿体数量少有关。     

花生果种皮特异表达基因候选片段的分离

应用改良的琼脂糖凝胶电泳展示DDRT-PCR产物的方法分离花生果种皮特异表达基因,共分离出24条差异表达片段.经测序后排除重复,最终得到8条差异片段.其中1条为花生上已知基因片段,余下7条均为花生上尚未报道过的基因.此7个片段序列已登录Genbank,其登录号分别为DQ450065、DQ450066、DQ450067、DQ450068、DQ450069、DQ450070、DQ450071.同时本研究还对应用琼脂糖电泳分离DD-PCR产物的方法进行了探讨.     

黄泥田改良培肥效应研究

为探寻黄泥田综合改良技术,在黔西县进行了为期2年的黄泥田改良试验研究,结果表明:硅钙肥和油菜壳配施对水稻产量有较明显的增产效果,增产率达10%以上,稻谷的粗蛋白也显著增加;硅钙肥和油菜壳配施可提高土壤pH,促进土壤有机质转化,有效氮增加。在施用硅钙肥和油菜壳的同时,应适当增加磷、钾肥用量。     

五个甘蓝自交系种株发育与开花结实特性研究

对5个甘蓝自交系(09335#、09336#、09337#、09338#、09340#)的植株形态、物候期、开花结荚、果实特征以及亲和性进行了鉴定。结果表明:09335#和09337#的各物候期早,植株生长势强,侧枝数多,花期授粉与蕾期授粉结荚率高、花期和蕾期亲和指数也较高,为较优良自交系;09336#和09340#居中,09338#较差。