Disaccharide combinations and the expression of enolase3 and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase isoform in sturgeon sperm cryopreservation

Acipenser sinensis and Acipenser dabryanus are critically endangered species, so germplasm conservation via cryopreservation of sperm is necessary. Disaccharides can act as membrane‐impermeable cryoprotectants, and enolase3 (ENO3) and plasma membrane Ca²⁺ ATPase isoform (PMCA2) are proteins associated with sperm quality. We considered seven characteristics of sperm quality in cultured brood stock from A. sinensis and A. dabryanus. We tested use of sucrose or trehalose alone and in combination at different concentrations for cryopreservation of A. dabryanus sperm. A low concentration of sucrose plus trehalose (S₁₅T₁₅) was optimal. Mixing of the extender with sucrose, lactose, or trehalose alone or with pairwise mixtures revealed that a mixture of lactose and trehalose (L₁₅T₁₅) gave the best results for both A. sinensis and A. dabryanus. Enolase3 and PMCA2 expression levels were measured in cryopreserved A. sinensis sperm via Western blotting. Relative ENO3 and PMCA2 expression levels were examined, and the relationship between disaccharide composition, sperm quality and protein expression was explored in A. sinensis. The results showed that relative ENO3 and PMCA2 expression levels were the highest at L₁₅T₁₅ in cryopreserved A. sinensis sperm. There were significant positive correlations between ENO3 expression and percentage membrane integrity, and between PMCA2 expression and sperm motility parameters (percentage of motile sperm, curvilinear velocity, straight‐line velocity and average path velocity; p < .05) in cryopreserved A. sinensis sperm. Our results indicate the optimal disaccharide combination and concentrations for cryopreservation of A. sinensis and A. dabryanus sperm and suggest that ENO3 and PMCA2 expression levels could serve as a valuable indicator of sperm quality in A. sinensis.     

Organic zinc and copper supplementation on antioxidant protective mechanism and their correlation with sperm functional characteristics in goats

Trace minerals feeding had significant effects on sperm production and fertility with better absorption and proper utilization within the body for optimum reproductive function. Several studies have shown that more influenced trace elements in the diets of animals are copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Bucks showing deficiency of this mineral might affect the quality of semen production which in turn would affect the fertility. This experiment was thus designed to test the effects of organic Cu and Zn supplementation on antioxidants enzyme activities and sperm functional attributes in fresh semen of bucks. Forty bucks (n = 40, Aged 5 months) were assigned to ten groups of four animals in each group, supplemented (for a period of 8 months) with different levels of organic Zn: 20 mg (T2), 40 mg (T3) and 60 mg (T4), organic Cu: 12.5 mg (T5), 25 mg (T6), 37.5 mg (T7) and combined organic Zn and Cu: 20 + 12.5 mg (T8), 40 + 25 mg (T9), 60 + 37.5 mg (T10), respectively, per kg dry matter and no additional mineral diet (control; T1). One hundred and sixty semen samples were collected through electro‐ejaculator and analysed for sperm quantity, quality, acrosome intactness and plasma membrane integrity and correlated with the catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzyme activities in seminal plasma. The results indicated organic Cu and zinc supplemented bucks produced more sperm cells, had higher sperm concentrations, maintained higher (p < .01) sperm livability, plasma membrane and acrosome integrities, more motility and velocity. The increased antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced oxidative stress and lowered lipid peroxidation were positively correlated (p < .05) with the sperm functional attributes. In conclusion, organic Cu and Zn supplement to male goats showed protective roles against oxidative damage and maintained better fresh semen characteristics.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌抗菌代谢产物Xcn1的研究进展

Xenocoumacin1（Xcn1）是嗜线虫致病杆菌产生的一种水溶性小肽类抗菌化合物，对真菌和细菌具有广谱的抑菌活性，在农业病害防治中具有良好的开发和应用前景。本文综述了Xcn1化合物的合成和降解机制、合成调控机制、抗菌作用机制以及防控植物疫病的研究进展，并展望了高产Xcn1生产菌株的改良和产业化应用前景。     

水稻灌浆期穗颈瘟发生对产量及茎节代谢产物的影响

【目的】检测自然条件下稻瘟病感病品种茎节的代谢产物,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种感病和产量降低的原因,为粳稻品种感病机理研究和生态防控提供理论依据。【方法】以稻瘟病感病品种辽星1号和粳型恢复系C418为材料,灌浆期调查穗颈瘟发病率,同时采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）非靶向代谢组学方法检测感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物,利用主成分分析（PCA）感病茎节与正常茎节之间代谢物组成,利用偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）的变量权重值（VIP>1.0）进行两者之间差异代谢产物种类的筛选,比较两者糖类物质和氨基酸类物质的差异,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种产量降低的原因。成熟期进行结实率、千粒重、粒长、糙米率等产量和品质性状测定。【结果】辽星1号和C418穗颈瘟发病率分别为57.23%和82.94%。穗颈瘟显著降低一次枝梗整精米率、二次枝梗的结实率、千粒重、长宽比和整精米率,其他性状无显著差异。辽星1号和C418的茎节GC-MS检测均定性到358种代谢产物,感病茎节上调了73.46%和67.88%的代谢产物。PCA和PLS-DA分析可以将感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物清楚分开,辽星1号和C418的感病茎节和正常茎节之间具有明显不同的代谢产物表型,与正常茎节相比,辽星1号感病茎节诱导61种代谢产物相对含量显著变化,C418感病茎节诱导47种代谢产物相对含量显著变化,两个品种共有显著变化的代谢产物30种。其中,次生代谢产物香草酸、α-生育酚、脱氢抗坏血酸、三十烷醇、大豆苷元和N-乙酰-d-甘露糖胺的相对含量显著下调,辽星1号分别下调了87.03%、96.29%、77.95%、74.56%、86.48%和82.68%,C418分别下调了99.92%、99.68%、97.26%、86.67%、94.96%和76.74%。正常茎节中辽星1号这6种次生代谢产物的相对含量分别是C418的2.64、2.39、2.39、2.27、3.09和2.56倍;感病茎节上调了63.33%的糖类物质和68.42%的氨基酸类物质,糖类物质上调了1.02—17.92倍,氨基酸类物质上调了1.05—13.12倍,其中C418糖类物质上调的幅度更大。【结论】穗颈瘟发生显著改变了感病品种辽星1号和C418的茎节代谢产物组成,感病品种可能通过香草酸、α-生育酚、脱氢抗坏血酸、三十烷醇、大豆苷元和N-乙酰-d-甘露糖胺相对含量的变化调控茎节对稻瘟病的防御反应。感病茎节通过积累大量的糖类物质和氨基酸类物质,降低其向籽粒转运,抑制了产量形成。     

甲基营养型芽胞杆菌的研究进展

甲基营养型芽胞杆菌是一种无致病性的细菌,对外界环境具有多抗逆性,作为芽胞杆菌属的"后起之秀",被越来越多的应用于各行业中。本文主要从甲基营养型芽胞杆菌的生理生化特征、代谢产物及应用等方面论述其研究进展。     

Effect of water deficiency on relationships between metabolism,physiology,biomass,and yield of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Drought is a common abiotic stress that considerably limits crop production. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of water deficiency on the yield, physiologic and metabolomic attributes in upland cotton cultivars(Gossypium hirsutum L). Cotton cultivars, 'Ishonch' and 'Tashkent-6' were selected to study the relationships among their physiologic, metabolomic and yield attributes during water deficiency. Deficit irrigation was designed by modifying the traditional watering protocol to reduce water use. Results indicate that cotton cultivars respond differently to water deficit stress. Water deficit significantly influenced plant height, the number of internodes, and sympodial branches in both cultivars. However, yield components such as the number of bolls, boll seed, lint mass, and individual plant yield were significantly reduced only in 'Tashkent-6'. The leaf area decreased and the specific leaf weight increased in 'Ishonch' under deficit irrigation conditions. However, 'Tashkent-6' demonstrated significant water loss compared to 'Ishonch', and both cultivars showed reduced transpiration rates. Untargeted metabolite profiles of leaves showed clear separation in 'Ishonch', but not in 'Tashkent-6' under deficit irrigation compared to full irrigation. The individual metabolites such as proline and galactinol showed strong association with yield under water deficit stress. Moreover, this study indicates that leaf area and transpiration intensity influence yield during water deficiency. In summary, the correlation among morpho-physiologic, metabolic, and yield components significantly varied between the two cultivars under water deficiency. The flowering stage was sensitive to water stress for both cultivars. The direct relationship between physiology, metabolism, and yield may be a useful selection criterion for determining candidate parents for cotton drought tolerance breeding.     

Oral administration of L-citrulline changes the concentrations of plasma hormones and biochemical profile in heat-exposed broilers

We examined the effects of oral administration of L-citrulline (L-Cit) on plasma metabolic hormones and biochemical profile in broilers. Food intake, water intake, and body temperature were also analyzed. After dual oral administration (20 mmol/head/administration) of L-Cit, broilers were exposed to a high ambient temperature (HT; 30 ± 1°C) chamber for 120 min. Oral administration of L-Cit reduced (p < .001) rectal temperature in broilers. Food intake was increased (p < .05) by heat stress, but it was reduced (p < .05) by L-Cit. Plasma levels of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, which initially increased (p < .0001) due to heat stress, were reduced (p < .01) by oral administration of L-Cit. Plasma insulin levels were increased by heat exposure (p < .01) and oral L-Cit (p < .05). Heat stress caused a decline (p < .05) in plasma thyroxine. Plasma lactic acid (p < .05) and non-esterified fatty acids (p < .01) were increased in L-Cit-treated heat-exposed broilers. In conclusion, our results suggest that oral L-Cit can modulate plasma concentrations of major metabolic hormones and reduces food intake in broilers.     

水牛犊牛血浆外泌体的分离与鉴定

研究旨在从水牛犊牛血浆中分离外泌体,并对分离的外泌体进行分子生物学特征分析和鉴定。采用差速离心法分离3头水牛犊牛的血浆外泌体,并在透射电子显微镜下观察其形态,使用纳米粒度及Zeta电位仪对提取的外泌体进行粒径大小分析,应用Western blotting方法检测外泌体标记蛋白钙联蛋白（Calnexin）、肿瘤易感基因101（TSG101）、CD9、CD81在3头水牛犊牛血浆外泌体中的表达情况。结果显示,从水牛犊牛血浆中分离的外泌体形态多为圆形和椭圆形,直径在30~150 nm;Western blotting检测结果表明,在水牛血浆外泌体表面,特异性蛋白Calnexin、TSG101和CD81阳性表达,CD9不表达。本研究从形态学和分子生物学特征等方面证实研究获得的提取物为外泌体,由此说明,差速离心法可以成功分离提取水牛犊牛血浆中的外泌体,为水牛外泌体的后续研究提供了重要技术基础和参考。