气相色谱法测定水果中咪鲜胺残留量的方法研究

采用丙酮震荡提取样品，在水解衍生的步骤中创造性地使用试管加入吡啶盐酸盐，于220℃的烘箱里水解1.5 h，经过处理后使用气相色谱ECD进行测定。结果表明：该方法的线性范围为0.005～0.500 ng，相关系数为0.999 9；对香蕉、绿橙、花牛苹果、青苹果、猕猴桃、砀山梨6种空白基质分别进行了0.01、0.10、1.00 mg/kg 3个水平加标，其回收率为81.0%～106.4%，相对标准偏差(RSD，n＝5)为0.3%～5.7%；该方法的最低检出限为0.01 mg/kg，并且烘箱水解的新方法操作简便     

Pyrethroid insecticide residues on vegetable crops

Pyrethroid insecticides were applied on various vegetable crops as foliar treatments to determine dissipation rates. On Chinese broccoli (Guy Lon), Chinese mustard (Pak Choi) and Chinese cabbage (Kasumi, napa), fenvalerate was persistent with residues of 0.10, 0.14 and 0.11 mg kg-1, respectively, by day 21. Cypermethrin residues on head lettuce were below 0.1 mg kg-1 by day 10 but on the leafier romaine and endive varieties it was more persistent and required 14-19 days to dissipate below this concentration. After three applications, residues of cypermethrin in harvested carrots and of permethrin in eggplant were not detected on the day of application. On asparagus, deltamethrin and cypermethrin residues declined to less than 0.1 mg kg-1 by days 1 and 2, respectively; permethrin was more persistent, requiring more than 2 days to decline to less than 0.1 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin on dry (cooking) and Spanish onions was not detected on the day of application. On tomatoes, the concentration of permethrin was 0.093 mg kg-1 on the day of application and declined to about 0.05 mg kg-1 after 2-4 days. In general, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin residues declined to acceptable concentrations within an acceptable pre-harvest interval. Fenvalerate may be too persistent on these speciality crops unless a maximum residue limit > 0.1 mg kg-1 is permitted.     

高效液相色谱-质谱法测定猪组织中硝基咪唑类药物残留量

建立了一种高灵敏度和高选择性的检测猪组织中硝基咪唑类药物残留的高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱(APCI)法,可同时进行猪组织中3种硝基咪唑类药物残留的确证分析.本方法检测猪肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和皮下组织中硝基咪唑类药物的检测限为0.5～1μg/kg;空白组织添加硝基咪唑类药物水平为0.5、1、2或4μg/kg时,测得回收率:肌肉为61.1%～85.4%,肝脏为62.3%～80.4%,肾脏为61.6%～82.0%,皮下组织为63.6%～84.1%.     

戊唑醇在苹果和土壤中的残留分析方法

本文建立了戊唑醇在苹果和土壤中残留的液相色谱分析方法.该方法仪器最低检出量为4×10-11g;最低检出浓度为0.002mg/kg;平均回收率为85.6%～102.2%;变异系数为2.85%～9.47%。     

光活化农药的研究与应用

结合作者近期的研究工作，对光活化农药的研究现状、作用机理、应用前景及其与新农药创 制的关系进行了综述。     

棉铃虫抗药性监测及其化学防治

1997～1998年,用浸叶接虫法测定了山西省南部棉区永济县棉铃虫对常用5种农药的抗药性,同时进行了多种农药防治棉铃虫田间药效试验研究。结果表明,永济县棉铃虫对氯氰菊酯已产生了高等水平的抗药性,对久效磷产生了中等水平的抗药性,但对灭多威仍未产生明显的抗药性。水胺硫磷、甲基对硫磷、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、丙·辛乳油和甲对·氯乳油等农药防治永济县二代棉铃虫效果较好     

苏云金素在水中和植株上的衰减与残留

用ＨＰＬＣ检测了苏云金素在鱼塘水和清水中的衰减速率。清水中该物质的半衰期长达４３３小时；在鱼塘水中苏云素的衰减呈双指数消除模型，开始消除半衰期为２．４３－１０．６８小时，终末消除半衰期为１２８．５７－１４２．０１小时。     

Dissipation of the herbicide dithiopyr in soil and residues in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) grain under Indian tropical conditions

Dissipation of dithiopyr in soil was monitored after application to wheat crop as pre- or post-emergence applications at two rates, viz 100 and 200 g AI ha(-1). The level of dithiopyr in the soil was assessed by gas chromatography, and its disappearence was found to follow a first-order decay curve irrespective of rate or method of application. The half-life in soil ranged between 17.3 and 25.0 days and residues at harvest (150 days after application) ranged between 4.0 and 8.8% of amounts applied. Investigation of microbial degradation of dithiopyr was conducted in minimal salt and Czapek Dox media in which 80% of the compound degraded within 15 days. Residues were not detected in wheat grain at harvest.     

Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers

Vegetables attract high applications of pesticides, and farmers in developing countries use many acutely toxic insecticides to control pests on these crops. With the liberalisation of agricultural markets in developing countries, the number of small-scale farmers growing vegetables for both domestic and export markets is increasing. Demand for supplies of year-round and exotic fruit and vegetables has grown in industrialised countries, but with rising quality standards and traceability requirements it is difficult for small-scale farmers to benefit from this lucrative non-traditional agricultural export trade. The demand is high for vegetables in the expanding cities in developing countries, and farmers in peri-urban areas, or rural areas with good access to the cities, are in a position to find a growing market for their produce. Poor storage facilities will often mean that farmers are forced to sell at peak times when prices are low. Farmers rarely have access to training in pesticide use, and have only limited or no access to advice on the complicated management of pesticides. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN is concerned about high levels of poor quality and adulterated pesticides on sale in developing countries. Surveys repeatedly show that without training, farmers are unable to make good crop decisions: recognition of pests and their predators is generally low, leading to decisions to spray to kill any insect; knowledge of product selection, application rates and timing is poor; different products are often combined in the belief that the effect will be greater; re-entry periods after spraying and essential harvest intervals are not known; and without knowledge of alternatives, farmers will often assume that the only solution to pest problems is to spray more frequently. From a consumer's point of view, few developing countries are able to monitor pesticide residues, particularly for produce grown for home consumption: most countries do not have laboratories for even simple residue testing. Changes in European Maximum Residue Limits means that export crops will be rejected if they contain residues at the Limit of Detection of pesticides not registered in Europe. Season-long field level training in Integrated Pest Management can help farmers to become better decision-makers, and to greatly reduce pesticide use while reducing risks to their own health and environment, producing safer products for consumers, maintaining yields, and increasing incomes.     

Assessment of relevant factors and relationships concerning human dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouse applications

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the gas chromatographic data obtained from 23 different greenhouse trials. This was used to establish which factors, including application technique (very small, small, medium and large drop-size), crop characteristics (short/tall, thin/dense) and pattern application of the operator (walking towards or away from the treated area) are relevant to the dermal exposure levels of greenhouse applicators. The results showed that the highest exposure by pesticides during field applications in greenhouses, in the climatic conditions and in the crop conditions typical of a southern European country, occurs on the lower legs and front thighs of the applicators. Similar results were obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Drop-size seems to be very important in determining total exposure, while height and density of crops have little influence on total exposure under the conditions of the present study. No pesticide type is a major factor in total exposure. The application of multiple regression analysis (MRA) allowed assessment of the relationships between the pesticide exposure of the less affected parts of the body with the most affected parts.