Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and the intestine

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have long been used for the treatment of pain and inflammation because of their inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase (COX). For almost as long as NSAIDs have been in use, multiple adverse effects have been noted. Assessment of many of these adverse effects have been complicated because of the discovery of multiple splice variants of the cox gene, and a greater array of COX inhibitors, especially the COX-2 selective inhibitors have become available. Some of these adverse effects cannot be readily explained by the effect of these drugs on COX. This has sparked a new field of investigation into the COX-independent effects of the COX inhibitors. The major noncyclooxygenase targets of the COX inhibitors of particular relevance to inflammation and the gastrointestinal tract are phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase Akt signaling, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, PPARgamma, nuclear factor KB, mitogen activated protein kinases, and heat shock proteins.     

Target and non-target site mechanisms of fungicide resistance and their implications for the management of crop pathogens

Fungicides are indispensable for high-quality crops, but the rapid emergence and evolution of fungicide resistance have become the most important issues in modern agriculture. Hence, the sustainability and profitability of agricultural production have been challenged due to the limited number of fungicide chemical classes. Resistance to site-specific fungicides has principally been linked to target and non-target site mechanisms. These mechanisms change the structure or expression level, affecting fungicide efficacy and resulting in different and varying resistance levels. This review provides background information about fungicide resistance mechanisms and their implications for developing anti-resistance strategies in plant pathogens. Here, our purpose was to review changes at the target and non-target sites of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides, demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and to evaluate if they may also be associated with a fitness cost on crop pathogen populations. The current knowledge suggests that understanding fungicide resistance mechanisms can facilitate resistance monitoring and assist in developing anti-resistance strategies and new fungicide molecules to help solve this issue. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

不同驱虫药驱虫后伊犁马血液生化指标变化的研究

[目的] 研究不同驱虫药对伊犁马血液生化指标的影响,为伊犁马科学驱虫及健康养殖提供参考。[方法] 将平均体重（265.5±35.6）kg、出生日期相近的40匹1岁伊犁马随机分为5组,每组8匹,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组。在相同的饲养管理和日粮营养水平条件下,对照组不驱虫,在试验开始第1天,试验Ⅰ组使用伊维菌素驱虫,试验Ⅱ组使用吡喹酮驱虫,试验Ⅲ组使用阿苯达唑驱虫,试验Ⅳ组使用伊维菌素和阿苯达唑的混合药剂驱虫;在试验第14天采集马匹血液样品,测定血浆氮代谢指标、葡萄糖及酶相关指标、脂代谢指标及金属离子指标。[结果] ①试验Ⅲ组总蛋白（TP）浓度最低,与对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组及试验Ⅳ组相比,分别降低了8.16%、7.15%、4.98%及6.62%（P>0.05）。对照组及各试验组白蛋白（ALB）、尿素（UREA）浓度均无显著（P>0.05）差异。与对照组相比,试验Ⅲ组及试验Ⅳ组血浆中UREA浓度分别降低了33.15%及36.10%（P>0.05）。②与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）活力分别降低了26.51%、21.11%、47.14%及52.38%（P>0.05）。试验Ⅲ组血浆中碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活力低于对照组,降低了0.19%（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅳ组的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活力显著（P<0.05）升高,分别提高了17.84%、13.51%;谷草转氨酶（AST）活力分别提高了5.40%和4.08%（P>0.05）。③对照组血浆中甘油三酯（TG）、肌酐（CREA）及尿酸（UA）的含量与各试验组相比均无显著（P>0.05）差异。试验Ⅰ组及试验Ⅳ组血浆中CREA浓度较对照组分别提高13.38%和9.86%（P>0.05）。试验Ⅱ组血浆中胆碱酯酶（CHE）活力显著（P<0.05）高于试验Ⅲ组,提高了17.70%。④对照组血浆中Mg²⁺浓度与各试验组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）;试验Ⅲ组血浆中Ca²⁺浓度最低,与对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组及试验Ⅳ组相比,分别降低了23.44%、16.40%、25.89%及21.43%（P<0.05）。[结论] 综合来看,使用伊维菌素和阿苯达唑混合驱虫,对伊犁马血浆中的氮代谢、糖脂代谢指标及肝功能代谢酶活力改善效果更明显。     

中草药制剂对泌乳奶牛机体免疫性能的影响

试验采用大青叶、大黄、党参等19味中草药分别组成内服和子宫灌注制剂治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎，并采集颈静脉血测定淋巴细胞刺激指数（SI）和中性粒细胞吞噬力，以观察中草药制剂对奶牛免疫性能的影响。结果显示，中草药制剂均可提高奶牛免疫力，内服中草药制剂应用效果优于子宫灌注制剂（P〈0．05）；复方制剂优于单味中草药制剂（P〈0．05）；复方中草药内服制剂可使淋巴细胞刺激指数（SI）和中性粒细胞吞噬力分别提高53．76％和4．58％（P〈0．01）；复方子宫灌注制剂可使淋巴细胞刺激指数（SI）和中性粒细胞吞噬力分别提高39．58％和1．98％（P〈0．01）。     

营养针剂微量元素在羊血液中释放规律研究

根据对北京地区肉羊用饲草来源及种类进行的微量元素概略调查分析,合成了肉羊用营养针剂,并对营养针剂中微量元素释放规律进行了研究。结果表明:试验组营养针剂中微量元素释放速度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),缓释剂在控制营养针剂中微量元素释放速度上有一定的效果。     

关于我国新兽药研究开发的战略思考

以提高自主创新能力为主题，分析了我国兽药研究开发现状，提出了今后我国兽药行业及生产企业进行新兽药研究开发的战略目标设想、内容和建议。     

液相色谱-质谱联用技术在检测食品中兽药残留的应用

动物性食品安全问题现已成为一个全球性的议题。动物性食品药残超标、安全性差的问题十分突出。建立一种准确、灵敏、可靠的分析动物性食品中兽药残留的方法刻不容缓。介绍了液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)应用于动物性食品中几种常见兽药残留的检测方法。     

磺胺类药物对猪肾脏损害的病理学观察

对14例含有磺胺结晶的猪肾脏用10%中性福尔马林固定,常规石蜡切片技术切片染色,对肾脏进行组织病理学观察。结果显示,皮质区肾小管上皮细胞肿胀变性、髄质区肾小管破坏较为严重,大部分肾小管、集合管上皮细胞脱落、变性坏死,并引起梗阻性肾病,同时,肾小球囊腔扩张、血管球萎缩。结果证实,超剂量或长期使用磺胺类药物会严重损害肾实质,导致肾功能下降甚至肾衰竭。     

液相色谱-离子阱质谱联用技术定性检测渔药中喹诺酮类抗菌素

建立了高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术定性检测渔药中喹诺酮类抗菌素的方法.利用喹诺酮类化合物的质荷比(m/z)和其荧光光谱特性对渔药中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星四种喹诺酮类化合物进行定性分析,结果表明该方法快速可行,方法检出限分别为1.29 ng、1.23 ng、1.08 ng、1.00 ng,可用于渔药中喹诺酮类抗菌素的监控.