Direct contribution by soil arthropods to nutrient availability through body and faecal nutrient content

Summary The direct contribution made by soil arthropods to nutrient dynamics was investigated in pine forests that differed in soil nutrient status. Nutrient concentrations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , N, C) in the most abundant species and groups of arthropods in two Pinus nigra forests were compared, and distinct differences were found among taxonomic groups. In the rank order: collembolans, oribatides, isopods, diplopods, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations increased, while N and C concentrations decreased. The nutrient concentrations in individuals of the same species but originating from the different forests were similar, except for the isopod Philoscia muscorum. The total and available nutrient concentrations in food and faeces of the collembolan Tomocerus minor and the isopod Philoscia muscorum were compared. The isopod faeces contained relatively less K⁺ and Mg²⁺, and more Ca²⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , and greater N availability, compared with the food material. The collembolan faeces showed a higher availability of all nutrients measured. The N species appeared to be changed by collembolans; their faeces contained high NO ₃ ^– concentrations, while their food contained relatively high concentrations of NH ₄ ⁺ . These findings were examined in relation to their significance for ecosystem functioning. It was concluded that about 12% of the total K⁺, PO ₄ ^3– , N and 2% of the Ca²⁺ in the organic layer was found in the mesofauna. It was calculated that faeces production by the collembolans resulted in a 2.4 times higher NO ₃ ^– availability in the forest floor.     

Porous tubing for use in monitoring soil CO2 concentrations

The composition of the soil atmosphere is an indicator of biological processes, and soil CO₂ gradients have been used to estimate CO₂ efflux from the surface. Soil atmosphere samplers, constructed with gas-permeable materials, have been used to quantify soil CO₂ concentrations. The type of material used can influence the perceived real-time concentrations of CO₂ in the soil. Previous works have not directly compared different types of materials under the same conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the diffusion coefficient (D) and time of 95% equilibrium (t_eq) of CO₂ through several materials, and to evaluate the effect of long-term soil burial (183 days) on diffusion characteristics. Materials tested included silicone, expanded Teflon (ePTFE), and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (PE) tubing. The D of each material was determined using a closed-loop system consisting of a CO₂-enriched (7800 ppm) chamber, a CO₂ analyzer and an inner tube (experimental tubing) placed inside the chamber. Air was re-circulated through the inner tube, and as CO₂ diffused from the chamber into the tubing, the analyzer recorded the increase in concentration. The silicone tubes had values of D ranging from 8.64 to 5.80×10⁻⁶ cm² s⁻¹ with corresponding t_eq between 3.9 and 9.7 h. Diffusion coefficients of the ePTFE (1.25×10⁻⁴ cm² s⁻¹) and PE (7.70×10⁻⁴ cm² s⁻¹) materials were 2 orders of magnitude greater, with t_eq<6 min. Exposure to the soil environment for 183 days did not visibly deteriorate the materials or significantly affect the D or t_eq values. Use of the ePTFE or PE materials, over the silicone materials, may allow for better characterization of dynamic CO₂ concentrations in the soil based on the greater D and lesser t_eq values of these materials.     

基于最小累计阻力模型的南京市生态安全格局构建

[目的]构建科学合理的生态安全格局,为生态文明建设背景下统筹推进市域国土空间可持续发展提供参考。[方法]基于生物多样性、水资源安全、地质灾害规避对江苏省南京市生态用地重要性进行定量评价,进而识别生态源地;参考PM_(2.5)浓度、夜间灯光数据对物种迁徙的影响构建修正后的生态阻力面;通过最小累计阻力模型(MCR)构建区域生态安全格局。[结果]南京市生态源地面积490.3 km~2,基本涵盖国家级和省级自然保护地,识别结果较为合理。修正后生态阻力面的阻力值范围在0～43 854.6之间,阻力值较大的区域位于鼓楼区、秦淮区、建邺区东部等长江南岸,浦口区中部、玄武区中部、江宁区东北部等区域阻力较小,能够较好地表征区域生态过程差异。依托生态源地、缓冲区、生态廊道等核心组分,形成了"一带三区多轴"的南京市生态安全格局框架。[结论]改进后的生态安全格局构建方法行之有效,以此构建的生态安全格局框架与现有《南京市主体功能区实施规划》更加契合。     

用于连续制备乳清蛋白ACE抑制肽的酶膜反应器运行条件优化

采用中空纤维膜连续型酶膜反应器制备血管紧张素转移酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制多肽。在传统酶解工艺条件的基础上,设计出能高效连续制备ACE抑制肽的酶膜反应器,并对此酶膜反应器的运行参数进行了优化,得到能高效制备ACE乳清蛋白源抑制肽的运行条件是:循环流速22.4 L/h,底物质量分数5%,跨膜压力0.07 MPa,酶膜反应器能稳定运行12 h以上,得到乳清蛋白酶解产物的ACE抑制率为30%￣50%。     

离子液体[C2mim][Val]对小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用实验室营养液水培方法,主要研究了离子液体1-甲基-3-乙基-咪唑缬氨酸盐([C2mim][Val])对小麦幼苗生长及叶片保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,就小麦种子发芽这一生态毒理指标而言,[C2mim][Val]浓度为200～500mg·L-1时其发芽率显著降低;从生长角度来看,小麦幼苗对100～200mg·L-1浓度的处理不敏感,生长指标没有显著变化,在300～500mg·L-1处理下,小麦幼苗地上部及地下部生物量、株高、根长发生显著变化,均受到明显的抑制,且抑制效应具有典型的剂量依赖型特点。不同浓度[C2mim][Val]处理均致使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显;100～200mg·L-1浓度处理在8～13d过氧化物酶(POD)活性高于对照,后期不显著,300～500mg·L-1浓度胁迫后期(18d),其活性均发生显著的变化,分别为对照的84%、83%、74%,并造成膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,表明300～500mg·L-1浓度胁迫使植物生长受到抑制。[C2mim][Val]的亲水性及亲脂特性可能是其对植物存在潜在毒性的2个主要原因。     

蜘蛛毒素对人胃腺癌细胞株BGC-823增殖的抑制作用

为比较不同蜘蛛毒素对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT法)测定了不同浓度的虎纹单柄蛛(Ornithocton huwen)、海南单柄蛛(Ornithoctonus hainana)、敬钊缨毛蛛(Chilobrachy jingzhao)和雷氏大疣蛛(Macrothele raveni)4种蜘蛛毒素对人胃腺癌细胞株BGC-823的抑制作用。结果表明:4种蜘蛛毒素对人胃腺癌细胞株BGC-823的细胞增殖均有不同的抑制作用;同一蜘蛛毒素浓度越高抑瘤作用越好,蜘蛛毒素作用时间越长抑瘤效果越强,量效关系和时效关系良好;不同蜘蛛毒素对BGC-823细胞增殖的抑制作用效果不同,以敬钊缨毛蛛毒素作用最强,IC50为0.109μg/μL。     

苜蓿提取液抑菌活性研究

[目的]研究苜蓿提取液对4种常见菌绿脓杆菌、停乳链球菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性。[方法]采用二倍稀释法和血平板鉴定相结合的方法测定其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。[结果]苜蓿提取液对绿脓杆菌和停乳链球菌的MIC分别为0.674和1.347mg/ml;对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC均为2.695 mg/ml。[结论]苜蓿提取液对绿脓杆菌和停乳链球菌有较好的抑菌活性,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果一般。     

两种乳酸菌及其发酵液对单核细胞增生李斯特菌生长的抑制作用

将单核细胞增生李斯特菌纯培养物分别与保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌进行混合培养,观察乳酸菌对单核细胞增生李斯特菌的生物拮抗作用。结果表明,保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌对单核细胞增生李斯特菌生长具有明显的抑制作用,并且作用效果随着培养时间的延长而增强;同时,还研究了不同pH值条件下,两种乳酸菌发酵液以及乳酸、盐酸、乙酸对单核细胞增生李斯特菌生长的影响。结果表明,发酵液对单核细胞增生李斯特菌的抑制效果受pH值影响显著。在pH8.0到pH11.0范围内,随着pH值的增加,乳酸菌发酵液的抑菌活性显著下降;乳酸、乙酸对单核细胞增生李斯特菌的抑制作用强于无机酸(盐酸),其中,乙酸的抑制作用最强,且随其含量的增加,抑制作用增强。     

天目山常绿阔叶林群落最小取样面积与物种多样性

在浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区内,采用一次性调查方法,研究常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性。样地大小为100 m×100 m。用激光对中全站仪测定每株树木坐标。根据树木的地径和胸径,把常绿阔叶林群落种群分为幼苗、幼树、小树、中树和大树等5个大小级。采用丰富度和多样性指数进行群落物种多样性分析。根据种-面积曲线确定最小取样面积。结果表明:在1 hm2样地内,共记录到木本植物127种,其中乔木为76种,灌木51种。群落木本植物物种丰富度最高的是小树级,多达99个物种,占群落木本植物总物种数的78%。除幼树外,从幼苗到大树,物种多样性指数和优势种数呈增加趋势。要获得天目山常绿阔叶林群落80%以上的木本植物种类,最小取样面积为4 048 m2,相当于边长为64 m的正方形。这可作为群落物种多样性一次性调查样地大小的参考依据。图2表2参26     

Inhibitory efficacy of calcium cyanamide on the pathogens of replant diseases in strawberry

Replant diseases in strawberry caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae are serious problems for its sustainable production under continuous cropping. This research studied the inhibitory effect of calcium cyanamide on pathogenic fungi in Petri dishes and on sterilized soil. Results indicated that calcium cyanamide had an obvious inhibitory effect on three pathogens on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Among them, the inhibitory effect on Rhizoctonia solani was the highest. As the concentrations of calcium cyanamide was increased from 0.1 to 10 mg/mL, the inhibition rate on mycelial growth increased from −1.43% to 100%. Inhibitory effects on Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae also existed on Petri dishes but to a lesser extent. Similar results were also observed in sterilized soil. When the concentration of calcium cyanamide in sterilized soil was 0.1%, the inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae was 68.46% and 54.46%, respectively. The inhibitive effect of calcium cyanamide on Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae increased quickly as the soil moisture changed from 10% to 40% for Verticillium dahliae and from 10% to 60% for Fusarium oxysporum. This indicated that the inhibitive effect of calcium cyanamide could be influenced greatly by the moisture content in the soil.