新型性诱粘虫板对保护地番茄蚜虫的防控效果

根据蚜虫的行为反应,运用蚜虫性信息素(+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-荆芥内酯和(-)-(1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-荆芥醇两种物质引诱有翅成蚜,分析研究保护地蚜虫的消长规律和对天敌的影响.试验结果表明,荆芥内酯和荆芥醇体积比为1:2时诱蚜效果最佳,较普通黄板多诱杀47.86%,且优于质量分数10%的吡虫啉对蚜虫的防治效果,可达99.06%.同时分析发现性信息索粘虫板不仅不杀伤天敌,且处理区蚜虫天敌21 d后还增长了27.6%,表明性信息素粘虫板不仅能提高和完善普通牯虫板对蚜虫的防治效果,还能有效地保护天敌,具有很大的研究和开发前景.     

日光温室内气温观测的适宜频次初探

根据河北省高邑县2008-2010年温室作物生长季的外界气温特征,将2008、2009和2010年度分别定为偏暖、偏冷和正常年型。以高邑县2008-2010年温室作物生长季采集周期为10min的小气候气温观测资料为基础,将一日内每10min的气温资料的算术平均值作为实际日平均气温,分别取每20min、30min、1h、2h、3h、4h的观测数据进行算术平均计算日平均气温,分析不同年型下计算结果与实际值之间的平均绝对误差MAE、标准差SD和积温相对误差R,并采用成对t检验进行显著性检验;以P＜0.05作为显著性检验指标,确定日光温室气温观测的适宜方法和频次。将MAE、SD和R作为评价计算方法优劣的主要因子,MAE、SD和R越小,表示计算效果越好。结果表明：（1）当观测间隔小于4h时,所计算的日平均气温与实际值无显著差异,MAE≤0.19℃,SD≤0.24℃,R≤1.1%,观测数据能满足温室环境日平均气温的计算,且观测间隔时间越短,观测频次越高,检验效果越好;观测间隔达到4h时,计算结果的准确性存在一定风险;（2）6个每日4时次的组合所计算的日平均气温与实际值存在显著差异,观测试验中不宜采用;（3）用日极值法计算的日平均气温较实际值显著偏高,不能代表实际气温,观测试验中亦不宜采用;（4）采用改进后的7：00、10：00、13：00、16：00、19：00和23：00气温组合计算的日平均气温与实际值无显著差异,MAE≤0.24℃,SD≤0.30℃,R≤1.4%,计算结果可以代表实际气温,且减少了夜间观测次数,观测时间更符合工作生活习惯,能够在实际生产中应用。总体来讲,每日观测应不少于6次,所计算的日平均气温才可能代表实际日平均气温。     

Effects of diatom concentration in prepared feeds on growth and energy budget of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

Eight test diets were used in the experiment: seven fresh diatom (Cylindrotheca fusiformis) diets in which diatom occupied 100%, 83.3%, 50%, 33.3%, 20%, 14.3% and 11.1% in dry matter of the feeds (marked as D100, D83, D50, D33, D20, D14 and D11), and a formulated diet (70% Sargassum thunbergii powder, 20% sea mud and 10% fish meal, based on dry weight, marked as ST). The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGRs) of the animals fed diets D33, D20, D14 and D11 were not significantly different from the SGR of those fed diet ST. However, the energy allocated to growth for the animals fed with diet D14 was twice that of diet ST. For sea cucumbers fed diet D14 the largest expenditure part was allocated to respiration (55.4%), but for those fed diet ST, the largest part was allocated to faeces (62.7%). The organic content of diet D14 was also much lower than that of diet ST. Frozen diatom diets containing 14% (dry matter weight) fresh diatom could be an environmentally friendly feed as an alternative option for macroalgae powder.     

基于时空信息比较的温室环境传感器故障识别

为了提高温室环境测控系统中传感器数据的准确性,针对温室环境参数变化的时间相关性和空间相似性特点,提出了一种基于主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)的故障检测与基于时空信息比较的温室环境监测系统的传感器故障识别方法。首先利用基于PCA的传感器故障检测方法,通过监控统计量T2和SPE的变化实现传感器系统故障检测;再针对检测出故障的传感器节点,对该时刻传感器节点采用基于时空特性的节点信息比较实现不同传感器的故障识别。分别对比基于时间尺度、空间尺度、时空尺度的节点信息比较方法对传感器故障识别的影响进行了分析与试验验证,验证结果表明:基于PCA的传感器故障检测方法能够有效地实现对传感器系统故障的初步检测,提出的基于时空信息比较的传感器故障识别方法,融合考虑时间尺度和空间尺度的节点信息,能够有效地实现传感器具体故障定位;所建立的传感器故障识别方法检测正确率CDR为98.37%、平均虚警率FAR为1.72%,较传统的传感器故障识别方法检测正确率CDR提高了22.067个百分点,而平均虚警率FAR则降低了15.762个百分点,能够有效地保证故障诊断效率、提高故障诊断精度、降低虚警率,具有可靠性和准确性。     

温室穴盘苗并联高速移栽机器人运动误差分析与试验

现有产业化应用的温室穴盘苗移栽机大都为三坐标龙门架式结构,其体积庞大、惯性大、相对刚度低、移栽速度低、柔性作业能力差,无法满足高速剔苗、高速补苗作业要求。针对这些问题设计了一种并联式三平移移栽机器人,阐述了并联移栽机器人主体结构和为其配套设计的5种末端执行器,并统计了这些末端执行器的质量;在ADAMS中建立刚柔耦合动力学模型,选定一条最长对角线轨迹进行仿真;比较了刚性模型理论轨迹与柔性模型实际轨迹的误差,并分析了因动平台质量变化引起的误差变化情况,发现移栽轨迹末段存在振荡问题;最后通过物理样机进行定位精度试验,样机经误差补偿后,平均误差由7.611 mm降低到1.208 mm,其中大部分误差为系统误差。运动试验发现,机构运行平均速度为2 m/s、加速度峰值为20 m/s~2时,满足精度要求;但机构在平均速度3 m/s、加速度峰值30 m/s~2时,误差会扩大,需要进一步改善关节径向支撑力。     

高粱绿肥种植密度对设施黄瓜根系生长相关因子的影响

以设施黄瓜为研究对象,在黄瓜定植前40 d分别播撒240、120、60 kg/hm~2不同密度高粱种子,并于黄瓜定植前将高粱植株作为绿肥翻入土壤,研究其对黄瓜结果期生长指标、根际土壤养分含量以及细菌群落结构变化的影响,探讨其影响黄瓜生长指标、根际养分含量和菌群结构变化的内在机制。试验结果表明:240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高梁绿肥可显著提高黄瓜根际土壤有机质质量比31.66%、碱解氮质量比8.75%、速效磷质量比13.89%、速效钾质量比16.86%、脲酶活性6.85%,显著提高结果期黄瓜茎粗12.83%、根系数15.81%、根总体积24.11%、叶片总面积11.43%、单株结瓜数10.97%、总产量9.81%;240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高粱绿肥可明显提高黄瓜根际土壤中变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门比例而降低酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门比例,明显提高鞘脂单胞菌科、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科、中华杆菌科、生丝微菌科比例而降低Gp6科、Gp16科、Gp4科比例。该处理主要通过降低根际土壤绿弯菌门和提高鞘脂单胞菌科、中华杆菌科比例而提高脲酶活性,通过提高厚壁菌门、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科和降低根际土壤酸杆菌门比例而促进碱解氮质量比、速效磷质量比、茎粗、叶片总面积、根系数、根总体积的提高,最终促进黄瓜生长并提高产量。     

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium on SPAD-502 and atLEAF sensor readings of Salvia

There are various optical sensors in the market for precision nitrogen (N) management, which estimate leaf N status from chlorophyll content of leaves. However, readings may also be affected by the amounts of other nutrients in the plant leaves like potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), as well as sampling location within a plant or leaf. SPAD-502 and atLEAF optical sensors were used on Salvia ‘Vista Red’ plants grown with 0N-7.9P-0K, 41N-0P-0K, 0N-0P-31.6K, 0N-7.9P-0K + 41N-0P-0K, 0N-7.9P-0K + 0N-0P-31.6K, 41N-0P-0K + 0N-0P-31.6K, or 0N-7.9P-0K + 41N-0P-0K + 0N-0P-31.6K fertilizer plus a control. Both sensors were correlated with leaf N and each other. However, both sensor readings were affected by the presence or absence of P and K in the leaves, and thus these nutrients should be analyzed and reported along with leaf N values. Sensor readings were found to vary within a leaf and within leaf canopy location, so sampling needs to be consistent.     

Effect of various phosphorus and calcium concentrations on potato seed tuber production

Although the effects caused in plants by the calcium (Ca)–phosphorus (P) interaction in calcareous soils are well documented, very few studies report on such effects in nutritive solutions or hydroponic cultivation. In a sand and perlite (1:1 volume) hydroponic system, effects of various P (21, 42, and 63 ppm) and Ca (120, 180, and 240 ppm) concentrations on potato tuberization were studied. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. For maximum tuber yield and tuber number production, 21 and 42 ppm P was sufficient, respectively. Increase in P and Ca concentrations in nutrient solutions in early growing season resulted in an increase in shoot and root weight, leaf area, and shoot length linearly, but tuber yield and tuber number did not follow this trend. The maximum tuber specific gravity and total solid percent were also observed in 42 ppm P. The highest tuber number and tuber yield were observed in 120 ppm Ca concentration.     

黄瓜白粉病抗性基因定位及候选基因分析

【目的】通过对黄瓜白粉病抗性基因的精细定位,明确抗性基因的候选区段,为进一步克隆基因及解析基因功能奠定基础。【方法】本研究选用高抗白粉病资源(自交系‘74’)和感白粉病资源(自交系‘80’)配制杂交组合,构建F_1、F_2群体,利用单囊壳白粉菌鉴定亲本及群体白粉病抗性并进行遗传分析;采用BSA-seq的方法对黄瓜白粉病抗性基因进行初步定位,在此基础上在候选区段开发分子标记,进一步精细定位白粉病抗性基因。【结果】分离群体单株表型鉴定结果表明,自交系74的抗性是由不完全隐性基因控制的。BSA-seq技术初步将抗性基因定位于5号染色体15—25 Mb位置,命名为PM 74。最终,利用分子标记将抗性基因定位于SSR15321和SSR07531之间,遗传距离为3.06 c M,物理距离为238 444 bp,可解释41.95%的表型变异。生物信息学分析表明在候选区段内包含有17个候选基因,其中Cucsa.275630为TIR-NBS-LRR类基因。【结论】本研究将黄瓜白粉病抗性基因精细定位到约238 kb的候选区段内,区段内包含有一个TIR-NBS-LRR基因,该基因将是今后研究的重点候选基因。     

小麦秸秆生物质炭添加对第四纪红壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响

生物质炭具有含碳量高、吸附性强、不易分解等特点,农田施用生物质炭被认为是一种新型的土壤固碳和温室气体减排措施。本研究以第四纪红色粘土母质发育的红壤为对象,添加不同量的小麦秸秆生物质炭(0、0.5%、1%、2%和2.5%w/w),以不添加生物质炭处理为对照,在25℃恒温,保持田间持水量稳定的条件下,进行60 d的室内培养,通过测定培养期间土壤CO_2和N_2O排放与相关土壤性质,分析其动态变化,探讨生物质炭添加对红壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响及其机制。结果表明,生物质炭添加极显著的影响CO_2和N_2O排放(P0.01)。在培养期的前15 d,尤其是前2 d,与对照相比,生物质炭添加促进了CO_2排放,且随着添加量的增加而增加,这与生物质炭本身含有的可溶性有机碳分解和无机碳释放有关。与CO_2排放相反,在培养期的前10 d,生物质炭添加较对照降低了N_2O排放。这是由于生物质炭吸附土壤中的NH4+-N,降低了硝化过程产生的N_2O排放所致。在培养期的15~60 d,与对照相比,各生物质炭处理均显著降低了CO_2的排放(P0.05),降幅达8.2%~18.4%。培养10 d之后,与对照相比,生物质炭增加了土壤N_2O排放。从整个培养期来看,与对照相比,生物质炭添加促进了CO_2(0.5%生物质炭处理显著降低,P0.05)和N_2O排放,增幅分别为-6.3%~18.7%和16.9%~58.5%。研究表明,在室内培养条件下小麦秸秆生物质炭添加促进了第四纪红壤的CO_2和N_2O排放,该结果可以为田间条件下应用生物质炭作为减排措施提供参考。