Relationship between chlorophyll meter readings and nitrogen in poinsettia leaves

Chlorophyll meters are used for non-destructive estimation of leaf nitrogen (N). The objective of this study was to evaluate the readings with several chlorophyll meters (SPAD-502, atLEAF, and CCM-300), different sampling sites on leaves, number of leaves used for sampling, and different types of leaf N sampling on estimation of N in leaves of potted poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) “Prestige Red.” Results showed that all meters gave readings that were correlated for N determination and also were correlated with each other. SPAD and atLEAF showed interaction between different N treatments and different sampling sites on the leaves, while CCM readings were affected by different sampling sites on the leaf. atLEAF readings showed interaction between number of leaves sampled and different N treatments. Thus, during sensor-based leaf N estimation, sampling site on leaf, number of leaves sampled, and stage of plant development should be considered to minimize error.     

Application of Excess Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilizers Leads to Lowering of Grain Iron Content in High-Yielding Tropical Rice

Influences of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer doses were assessed on iron (Fe) accumulation in leaves and grains of three high-yielding rice cultivars differing in grain Fe concentration. Effects of these treatments were also measured on grain yield, leaf area, and plant biomass of the cultivars. Nitrogen, P, and K applications improved plant biomass and grain yield of all cultivars. Among the nutrients, N was most effective in increasing leaf Fe concentration, followed by P and K in all three rice cultivars. Sharbati accumulated the greatest concentration of leaf Fe followed by IR-64 and Lalat. However, greater doses of these nutrients adversely affected grain yield and Fe content of leaf and grain. Application of excess N, P, and K fertilizers may, thus, sometimes results in lowering of grain Fe content in rice. Judicious application of the elements is recommended for prevention of Fe-induced malnutrition.     

Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on strawberries in an annual hill culture system: 3. Leaf nutrient levels

Abstract

The youngest fully expanded mature leaf of each plant was sampled from a factorial N and K fertilization field trial on July 4, August 22, October 27 and December 4. Nutrient uptake was not very active during the late autumn and winter. On the first sampling date no differences in leaf N content were observed among the different fertilization treatments, probably because of a dilution effect. During the remainder of the growing season, N fertilization generally affected leaf nutrient values. The levels of all the nutrients tested decreased during the harvesting period, but, with the exception of N, remained within the Californian standards. Nitrogen content decreased during the harvesting season to levels of about 1 %, for both fertilized plants and unfertilized controls, indicating that either no uptake was taking place during the late harvesting period, or that all N was being transported to fruit. Leaf K levels should not be higher than about 1.65% at the beginning of the harvesting season, as leaf levels of 1.80% were associated with soil K levels of 80 ppm, which resulted in decreased yield and fruit size. There is no single time at which leaves should be sampled for diagnostic purposes, and different standards for leave analyses should be developed for different periods during the growing season.     

不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻叶片营养及生理性状的影响

【目的】氮和钾是作物生长所必需的大量元素,在水稻生长发育、产量形成等过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。南方稻田缺钾以及氮钾肥不合理施用已成为限制水稻高产的重要影响因子。本研究在田间条件下,探讨了不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻生长发育与叶片生理特性的影响,进而阐明缺钾导致营养生长期水稻叶色暗绿的营养及生理机制。【方法】采用两因素完全随机设计田间试验,因素A为不同施氮水平,包括不施氮、低氮（N 90 kg/hm2）和正常施氮（N 180 kg/hm2）;因素B为不同施钾水平,包括不施钾和正常施钾（K₂O 120 kg/hm2）。测定水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期地上部干物质,叶面积指数,叶片氮、钾、镁和叶绿素含量（叶色值）,叶片含水率、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值。【结果】1）在不施氮条件下缺钾对水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下显著降低水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数;随施氮量的增加,缺钾对干物质及叶面积指数的影响加剧,其中N₁₈₀K₀处理的降幅最为明显;氮钾交互作用对水稻各生育期的干物质和叶面积指数均有显著或极显著影响。2）在不施氮条件下缺钾对分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下以上各指标显著增加,其中N₉₀K₀处理的叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量均可以达到N₁₈₀K₁₂₀处理水平;无论施氮与否,缺钾均显著降低分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片钾含量,而显著增加叶片镁含量。3）回归分析结果表明,比叶重与叶片可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）。【结论】水稻干物质、叶面积指数、叶片营养及生理状况、叶色表现等对缺钾的响应明显受到施氮量的影响。在施氮条件下缺钾造成叶片中可溶性糖大量积累,进而导致比叶重增加;结合田间试验观察及叶片营养及生理性状可知,水稻叶色（叶绿素含量）在不施氮条件下不受缺钾的影响;而在施氮条件下,缺钾造成水稻叶片单位质量及单位叶面积氮含量和叶绿素含量显著增加,这是田间条件下水稻叶色呈现暗绿的主要原因,从而也影响生育期植株氮素营养诊断。     

Broiler Litter as a Sole Nutrient Source for Cotton: Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Calcium, and Magnesium Concentrations in Plant Parts

Abstract

The ability of poultry litter to support plant growth by supplying essential plant nutrients in the absence of other sources of the nutrients has not been studied thoroughly. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the ability of poultry litter, as the sole nutrient source, to provide macronutrients and support growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (2) evaluate the distribution of these nutrients within the different plant parts, and (3) estimate the efficiency with which these nutrients are extracted by cotton. The research was conducted in plastic containers filled with a 2:1 (v/v) sand:vermiculite growing mix under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included broiler litter rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, or 120 g pot^?1 with or without supplemental Hoagland's nutrient solution. Broiler litter supplied adequate amounts of the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) and supported normal growth of cotton. Tissue nutrient analysis showed that the concentration of N, P, K, and Mg in the upper mainstem leaves was within published sufficiency ranges for cotton growth. Evaluation of the N distribution indicated that the cotton plant partitions N to reproductive parts when faced with deficiency of this nutrient and favors allocating N to new leaf growth once the requirement for reproductive growth is met. The partitioning of P was similar to that of N but less distinct. Cotton extracted Mg and K with greater efficiency (up to 58%) than the other nutrients and stored these nutrients in older leaves. The extraction efficiency of N ranged between 21% at 120 g pot^?1 litter and 27% at 30 g pot^?1 litter. Phosphorus was the most poorly extracted nutrient, with only 16% of the total applied P extracted when 30 g pot^?1 litter was applied and only 6% extracted at the higher litter rates. This suggests that the same problem of P buildup that has been reported in soils under pasture may also occur when poultry litter is repeatedly applied to the same soil planted to cotton. These results show that broiler litter not only supplied enough N but also supplied the four other macronutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mg) in amounts sufficient to support normal cotton growth. This research implies that poultry litter can effectively substitute for several fertilizers to meet crop macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) needs in soils deficient in any or all of these nutrients.     

Effect of potash fertilizer on leaf nutrients and their relationships to tuber yields of sweet potato

Abstract

The fourth, fully‐expanded leaves at sweet potato vine tips were sampled at harvest from two separate but similar experiments on njala upland soils after 7 years bush fallow to study the effects of timing and rates of K fertilizers on leaf nutrients and their relationships to sweet potato tuber yields. Potash showed significant effects on leaf P, leaf Zn, leaf Ca, leaf Mn, leaf K/P and leaf Ca/Mg. K x timing interaction affected leaf K/Mg and leaf K/P but timing of Z application did affect significantly neither leaf nutrients nor leaf nutrient ratios. Significant quadratic effect of K on tuber yields as well as significant cubic K x timing interaction effect on tuber yields were observed. There were significant negative correlations between tuber yields and leaf N and between tuber yields and leaf P, indicating that increases in either leaf N or leaf P depressed yields. On the basis of coefficient of determination, increases in leaf N contributed significantly more to yield variation than increases in leaf P. Analysis of covariance and multiple regression studies showed lack of significance of 10 nutrients on tuber yields. Sweet potato tissue which reflects differential nutrient levels with significant effect on tuber yields must be sought. Apart from the added fertilizer, the total effect of ether factors which affect nutrient status and crop performance must be considered.     

The Effect of Phosphorus,Mucuna, and Nitrogen on the Biomass,Leaf Area Index,and Foliar Nutrient Content of Maize on a Depleted Sandy Loam Soil in Zimbabwe

Sufficient nutrient levels in leaves of crops have substantial effects on plant growth, development, and grain yield, as it is a fundamental constituent of many leaf cell components. The effect of phosphorus (P), mucuna management options, and nitrogen (N) on the biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nutrient content of maize on a depleted sandy loam soil in Zimbabwe were investigated. The experimental design was a split-split-plot with two P rates, four mucuna management options, and four N treatments (applied to a subsequent maize crop). Biomass, LAI, and foliar N, P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the subsequent maize crop were determined. A significant three-way interaction (P < 0.05) between mucuna management options, N rates, and time was observed in terms of biomass production and all nutrients in the leaves of the subsequent maize crop.     

摘叶对不同株型木薯品种产量和氮磷钾素积累分配的影响

  【目的】  叶片是作物进行光合作用的重要器官,与物质生产、养分吸收和产量形成有密切关系。研究留叶数对木薯养分积累和产量的影响,以期为木薯高产栽培和氮磷钾养分高效利用提供理论依据。  【方法】  采用裂区设计,以株型、品种、留叶数分别为主区、裂区和再裂区。试验以紧凑型品种‘华南205’(SC205)、‘桂热4号’(GR4)和伞型品种‘华南12号’(SC12)、‘华南15号’(SC15)为材料,设计12个留叶数处理(9、18、27、36、45、54、63、72、81、90、99和108片),分析了单株摘叶及成熟期单株的氮、磷、钾素积累量。  【结果】  随留叶数增多,单株摘叶的氮、磷、钾素积累量随之下降,单株鲜薯产量随之显著增加,成熟期全株和全生育期植株的氮、磷、钾素积累量随之呈显著增加或呈“单峰”或“双峰”趋势。不同品种不同元素的积累规律有差异。紧凑型品种单株摘叶的氮素积累量较伞型品种降低了4.56%,而磷、钾素积累量较伞型品种分别提高了10.23%、10.00%。紧凑型品种成熟期全株的氮、磷、钾素积累量较伞型品种分别提高了31.00%、42.48%和50.92%。在成熟期,留叶数增多,在块根和叶片中的氮、磷、钾素分配率随之提高,而在茎秆中的氮、磷、钾素分配率随之下降,氮、磷、钾素收获指数随之呈增加或“单峰”或“双峰”趋势。紧凑型品种氮、磷、钾素收获指数高于伞型品种,两株型分别为0.48、0.63、0.58和0.42、0.60、0.55。随着留叶数增多,成熟期全株的氮、磷、钾素分配率随之提高,而单株摘叶的氮、磷、钾素分配率随之下降。紧凑型品种在成熟期全株中的氮、磷、钾素分配率较伞型品种分别提高了7.33、5.45和4.36个百分点。  【结论】  木薯留叶数越多,摘叶的数量和干物质量越少。随着留叶数增加,木薯产量随之增加,成熟期全株的养分积累量和块根、叶片的养分分配率随之提高。木薯摘叶后,叶片光合产物优先满足地上部生长。在本试验条件下,块根膨大期适宜的留叶数为81～90片,有利于确保木薯产量和养分积累利用。     

Leaf Chlorophyll Readings as an Indicator for Spinach Yield and Nutritional Quality with Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of predicting the concentrations of total nitrogen (N), nitrate-nitrogen, and ascorbic acid in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves using the pocket chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 (Minolta, Japan) in a pot experiment in a greenhouse. Spinach plants were grown in plastic pots filled with 0.5 kg of brown soil per pot with urea as N fertilizer at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg N/kg soil. SPAD readings of the two uppermost fully expanded leaves were recorded 18, 25, and 32 d after sowing and at harvesting (34 d). Dry-matter biomass and total N concentrations in leaves and roots, and NO₃-N, and ascorbic acid concentrations in leaves, were measured after harvesting. SPAD readings showed continuous reduction with increasing growth period irrespective of N applications. SPAD readings at harvest were significantly correlated with total N, leaf dry weight (DW), and NO₃-N concentration. However, this correlation did not exist between SPAD readings and ascorbic acid concentrations in leaves. The above results suggest that it is possible to apply SPAD readings to estimate NO₃-N concentrations in spinach plants, and that they may be applied for field assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient-management programs for the plant. Furthermore, the SPAD method may also be useful for ascertaining the harvest time. The results suggest that treatment with 120 mg N/kg significantly improved both leaf yields and leaf quality (i.e., leaf nitrate-N concentration and ascorbic acid). Too little and too much N fertilizer was not good for yield or spinach quality.     

Assessing Variations in SPAD‐502 Chlorophyll Meter Measurements and Their Relationships with Nutrient Content of Trembling Aspen Foliage

Abstract

The relative chlorophyll content in leaves estimated by the SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter can be an efficient way to evaluate plant nitrogen (N) status in many crops and some tree species. In this study, the SPAD meter was used to look for relationships between relative leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nutrient concentration in trembling aspen. The variations in leaf chlorophyll measurements were also evaluated by using three sampling times and three measurement techniques. Hypothetical experimental designs were created to achieve better design efficiency. The best representation of overall leaf chlorophyll was found when six SPAD readings were taken at different locations on each leaf. There was a positive correlation between overall leaf N and estimated chlorophyll content, especially in the top part of the trees. Overall, this study suggested that the SPAD meter can give an estimation of trembling aspen nutritional status, especially if the differential partitioning of N within trees is considered.     

INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF APPLIED NITROGEN,SPAD, AND YIELD OF LEAFY AND NON-LEAFY MAIZE GENOTYPES

The SPAD chlorophyll meter was found to be a reliable, quick, and non-destructive tool used for directly measuring leaf chlorophyll and indirectly assessing the proportional parameter of leaf, and by extension, plant nitrogen (N) status. The meter has been used successfully to assess leaf N in conventional maize crops, but it has not been used with new maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes containing leafy (L) and reduced stature (RS) traits. SPAD meter readings were collected on the uppermost fully developed leaves (before silking) and on the ear leaf (after silking) of field grown maize genotypes with and without the L and RS traits. The experiment was conducted during 1996 and 1997 at two sites in Eastern Canada (Ottawa and Montreal). At each site in each year, a split plot arrangement of two treatment factors was used in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The main plot treatments were levels of N (0, 85, 170, and 255 kg ha^?1), with six maize genotypes as subplot treatments. The hybrids included: (i) leafy reduced-stature, LRS, (ii) non-leafy normal stature, NLNS, (iii) leafy normal stature, (LNS), (iv) non-leafy reduced-stature, NLRS, (v) conventional commercial hybrids, Pioneer 3905 as the hybrid check for late maturity, and (vi) Pioneer 3979, a check for early maturity. The hybrids were chosen on the basis of their contrasting canopies and root architecture. The SPAD meter readings were collected on the same five plant genotypes over time (six times per site per year, except four times for the Ottawa site in 1997). All genotypes showed increasing meter reading values as plants aged until silking. In general, SPAD meter readings increased as N fertilization level increased at each measurement date for both sites and years. In general, LNS and P3905 hybrids showed greater SPAD meter readings than other hybrids at all sampling dates for both sites and growing seasons. Applied N rates were significantly correlated with the SPAD meter readings. More highly significant relationships were found for N fertilizer levels and SPAD meter readings for the hybrids in 1997 than for the hybrids in 1996. For the Montreal site in 1997, LRS, LNS and P3905 hybrids were among those showing the highest r values between N level and SPAD readings. The correlation coefficients between SPAD readings and grain yield were generally lower. However, the NLNS hybrid had a high SPAD-yield correlation at the Macdonald site in 1997.     

The effect of nitrogen and boron soil applications on raspberry leaf N,B and Mn concentrations and on selected soil analyses

Abstract

Four years after yearly applications of N (0, 67, 134 and 268 kg/ha in a N rate trial) soil pH and soil extractable K, Ca and Mg were reduced. Boron application (1 kg/ha in a N x B interaction trial) increased hot water extractable soil B and soil extractable Mg. Old and new cane leaf N concentration was increased by N application but B application resulted in only a very small effect. Both N and B applications increased leaf B concentrations. Leaf Mn was increased by N application, probably because of the reduced soil pH. Boron had little effect on leaf Mn. It was concluded that leaf tissue is not suitable for determining the requirements of N and B fertilizer because of the instability of B concentrations in the leaves within and between seasons. Sampling of new cane leaves in July showed promise for diagnosing Mn requirements since the concentration during that month was relatively stable in three separate years of sampling.     

红芸豆养分限制因子及养分吸收、积累和分配特征研究

研究红芸豆养分限制因子、植株干物质和氮、磷、钾养分积累及分配规律,可为红芸豆合理施肥及高产栽培提供理论依据。大田试验条件下,以‘英国红’红芸豆为试材,设置缺素试验,采集全施肥区植株样品,分析研究红芸豆不同生育时期各器官干物质量、养分含量及积累量。结果显示,氮磷钾配合全施显著提高红芸豆产量;缺氮、缺磷、缺钾处理与全施肥处理相比,产量分别降低14.2%、8.0%和11.3%,表明影响红芸豆产量的限制因子为氮钾磷。在整个生育期,红芸豆干物质累积速率先升高后降低;根、茎、荚皮和豆粒干物质累积量呈上升趋势,叶干物质在收获期有下降趋势,收获时不同部位干物质量为豆粒茎≈荚皮叶片根。随生育期推进,茎、叶和荚皮中氮含量呈递减趋势,豆粒中氮含量呈递增趋势,而各器官磷、钾含量呈递减趋势。盛花期到结荚期是养分累积最大期,其氮、磷、钾吸收量分别占整个生育期吸收总量的28.14%、49.22%和56.20%;不同器官吸收累积氮、磷、钾量不同,成熟期豆粒、叶、茎和根中均为累积氮最多、钾次之、磷最少,荚皮中累积钾最多、氮次之、磷最少。每生产100 kg红芸豆需供给N 4.37 kg、P2O5 2.38 kg、K2O 3.53 kg,比例为1∶0.54∶0.81。     

应用叶绿素计诊断烤烟氮素营养状况

为探讨叶绿素计在估测烤烟叶绿素和氮浓度上的应用价值,进行了3个田间试验。即:郑州点2003年设施N.51.0.kg/hm2与4个品种NC89、RG17、85048、541;2004年设5个氮肥用量:N.30.04、0.5、51.0、61.5、75.0.kg/hm2与2个品种中烟101、云烟85;玉溪点于2005年设5个氮肥用量:N.02、7.0、54.5、81.8、109.0.kg/hm2与K326品种的试验。测定了不同试验条件下烤烟叶片的叶绿素计(SPAD-502和CCM-200)值和实际叶绿素浓度、全氮浓度,并进行了三者关系分析。结果表明,应用叶绿素计监测烤烟叶片最佳测定部位为完全展开叶的中部。叶绿素计测定值因年份、地点、氮肥水平、叶位、同一叶片不同的部位而异。叶绿素计值与叶绿素浓度、叶片全氮浓度之间有稳定的极显著相关性。叶绿素计SPAD-502的SPAD值和CCM-200的CCI值与叶绿素浓度之间的决定系数分别为0.8755(P0.001)和0.9499(P0.001)。SPAD计值(SPAD)与全氮浓度(N)之间回归方程为N=0.0265SPAD+0.9601(R2=0.7649,P0.001),经检验该模型具有较好的精确性和普适性,利用叶绿素计进行烤烟氮素营养监测是可行的。     

Nutritional Evaluation of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization of Carob Tree under Dry‐Farming Conditions

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess how potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) fertilization might affect the variation of leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations in carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) under low precipitation. A field study was conducted in 1997, 1998, and 1999 in a calcareous soil. Four fertilization treatments were tested: no fertilizer (C), 0.8 kg N tree^?1 (N treatment), 0.83 kg K tree^?1 (K treatment), and 0.80 kg N tree^?1 plus 0.83 kg K tree^?1 (NK treatment). During the hydrological cycle 1998/1999, only 250 mm of rain were recorded. Because of this, from 1998 to 1999 a decrease in the concentrations of mobile nutrients N, phosphorus (P), and K and an increase in calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) were observed in leaves. The application of N led to higher leaf N concentration compared with other treatments. This response allowed the establishment of a linear model that relates soil plant analysis development (SPAD) readings with leaf N concentrations (r²=0.55; P<0.05). Compared with leaves, fruits showed similar amounts of N and P; less Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn; and high concentrations of K. Fertilization did not change considerably the mineral composition of fruits, and because of large variation among trees, yield was similar for all treatments.     

海门市油菜氮磷钾肥料效应研究I：施肥效应

2007—2009年度在海门市进行了油菜3414肥料效应试验。结果表明:海门市油菜产量与氮、磷、钾肥用量之间呈三元二次回归效应关系,2007—2008年度和2008—2009年度试验点综合肥料效应方程分别为:y2007-2008=98.220+4.876N-0.231N2+13.399P-1.748P2+6.346K-0.621K2+0.377NP+0.126NK+0.090PK和y2008-2009=110.352+7.636N-0.311N2+7.178P-0.929P2+3.923K-0.550K2+0.152NP+0.175NK+0.173PK。平均每千克养分增产油菜籽分别为:N 5.36 kg,P2O57.78 kg,K2O 4.14kg;N+P2O53.74 kg,N+K2O 2.83 kg,P2O5+K2O 2.18 kg,N+P2O5+K2O 3.85 kg。     

黔西南土壤养分与烤烟糖含量的关系

  【目的】  黔西南烤烟还原糖(RS)和总糖(TS)含量过高是影响其品质的两个重要原因。我们研究了该地区土壤养分对烟叶总糖和还原糖的贡献,为通过施肥提高黔西南烟区的烤烟质量提供理论依据。  【方法】  选取黔西南州晴隆、普安、兴仁、兴义、贞丰和安龙6个县(市)烟草种植集中连片区,确定典型烟田,采集土壤样品和对应的烤后烟叶样品,测定土壤大、中、微量养分含量以及烟叶总糖和还原糖含量,并对两者之间的关系进行相关分析、逐步回归分析和通径分析。  【结果】  黔西南州烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量总体偏高;植烟区土壤酸碱性处于中性至弱碱性,土壤有机质、碱解氮、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁和有效锰含量丰富,速效钾、有效磷、有效铜、有效锌、有效硼和有效钼含量适宜,但存在空间分布不均问题。烟叶总糖和还原糖与土壤养分显著相关,其中,烟叶总糖与土壤速效钾(AK)、有效锌(Zn)和有效硼(B)呈极显著负相关,与土壤有效钼(Mo)呈极显著正相关;烟叶还原糖与土壤速效钾(AK)呈极显著负相关,与土壤有效锌(Zn)和有效硼(B)呈显著负相关,与有效铜(Cu)呈极显著正相关,与有效锰(Mn)呈显著正相关。烟叶总糖和还原糖与土壤养分的回归方程分别为TS=31.69?1.78Zn+17.05Mo+1.09Cu+0.003Mg?0.01AK和RS=25.12?0.01AK+1.39Cu+6.91Mo。土壤速效钾、有效铜、有效锌、有效钼和交换性镁为影响烟叶总糖含量的重要指标,土壤速效钾、有效铜和有效钼是影响烟叶还原糖含量的重要指标。通径分析表明,土壤养分含量对烟叶糖含量既有正面(促进)也有负面(制约)作用。  【结论】  对黔西南州烟叶糖含量贡献较大的土壤养分是速效钾、有效镁、有效铜、有效锌和有效钼。在速效钾和有效锌相对丰富的情况下,土壤速效钾含量和有效锌含量会抑制烤后烟叶总糖、还原糖含量的积累,而有效镁、有效铜和有效钼会增加烤后烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量。     

Distribution and redistribution of mineral nutrients and dry matter in grain sorghum as affected by soil salinity

A study was made of the effects of soil salinity on dry matter production, grain yield, and the uptake, distribution and redistribution of mineral nutrients in irrigated grain sorghum. Soil salinity (EC, 3.6 mS/cm) reduced seedling establishment by 77%, and dry matter and grain yields per plant by 32%; grain yield/ha was reduced by 84%. Salinity reduced grain number per head, but not individual grain size. The accumulation of dry matter and most nutrients was reduced by salinity, but the distribution and redistribution of nutrients within the plant were largely unaffected. Redistributed dry matter provided 52 and 31% of the grain dry matter for control and salt‐affected plants, respectively. Salt‐affected plants had a greater proportion of their sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) in stems and leaves than control plants at maturity. Grain had 50–90% of the nitrogen <N), phosphorus (P), S, and Mg, 20–50% of the potassium (K), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), but < 20% of the calcium (Ca), Na, Cl, and iron (Fe) contents of the whole plant. Over 65% of the N and P, and from 20 to 30% of the K, S, Mg, Cu, and Zn was redistributed from the stem and leaves to grain. There was no redistribution of Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, and Mn. Leaves were more important than the stem as a source of redistributed N, but the leaves and stem were equally important as sources of redistributed P, K, S, Mg, and Cu. Redistribution from the stem and leaves provided 80% of the K and 20–50% of the N, P, S, Mg, Zn, and Cu accumulated by grain. Concentrations of Na, and especially Cl, were high in vegetative organs of salt‐affected plants, but not in grain. It was concluded that although moderate salinity was detrimental to the establishment and yield of grain sorghum, it had little effect on patterns of distribution and extents of redistribution of mineral nutrients.     

锌与氮磷钾配合喷施对小麦锌累积、分配及转移的影响

【目的】 在作物上喷施锌肥与目前应用较广泛的喷施大量元素肥料 (氮、磷或钾肥) 相配合,是解决人体锌缺乏问题的重要途径。本研究初步阐明了锌与氮、磷及钾肥配合喷施对小麦籽粒锌营养品质的影响机制,为小麦籽粒有效可行富锌方法提供理论参考。 【方法】 2010—2014年连续进行了4年裂区田间试验。主处理为不同氮肥用量土施 (N 0、120和240 kg/hm2),副处理为喷蒸馏水 (CK)、喷0.3% ZnSO₄ (Zn)、喷0.3% ZnSO₄和1.7%尿素 (Zn + N)、喷0.3% ZnSO₄和0.2% KH₂PO₄ (Zn + P + K)、喷0.3% ZnSO₄和0.5% K₂SO₄ (Zn + K)。分析测定小麦开花期地上部以及成熟期各部位 (籽粒、叶片、颖壳和茎秆) 锌含量,研究锌与氮、磷或钾肥配合喷施对锌在成熟期小麦各部位的分配,以及花前和花后锌分配比例及其对籽粒锌累积的表观贡献率的影响。 【结果】 喷施Zn、Zn + N、Zn + P + K或Zn + K处理后锌含量提升幅度以叶片最大 (2.4～7.7倍),颖壳 (2.0～4.7倍) 和籽粒 (1.8～2.4倍) 次之,茎秆最小 (0.2～1.0倍),锌在叶片和颖壳分配比明显提高。与单喷Zn相比,Zn + N或Zn + K处理籽粒和叶片锌含量进一步增加,而Zn + P + K处理籽粒和叶片锌含量均有所降低。与Zn处理相比,花后营养器官锌吸收量及其向籽粒的转移量在喷Zn + N时分别增加12和14 g/hm2,在喷Zn + K时增加44和32 g/hm2,但喷Zn + P + K时分别降低37和18 g/hm2。土施氮肥亦可显著增加籽粒和各营养器官锌含量,以及锌在营养器官的累积和再转移,但增幅明显低于各喷锌处理。此外,与Zn处理相比,Zn + N、Zn + P + K或Zn + K处理未进一步影响锌在小麦各部位的分配,但锌肥的回收率在Zn + N或Zn + K处理下显著提高,在Zn + P + K处理下显著降低。 【结论】 锌肥与氮肥或钾肥配合喷施,主要通过增加营养器官对锌的吸收及向籽粒的转移量,进一步提高籽粒锌含量,而磷锌配合喷施通过降低营养器官对锌的吸收及向籽粒的转移进而降低籽粒锌含量。      

Evaluation of the Minolta SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter for nitrogen management in corn

The field study investigated the relationship of Minolta SPAD 502 (SPAD) readings to applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate, corn (Zea mays L.) yield, and leaf N concentration. The experiment was conducted on a total of six sites in Illinois during 1991 and 1992. Ten different open pedigree corn hybrids were grown at a final population of 65,000 plants ha^‐1. Nitrogen was applied at four rates(0, 90, 180, and 270 kgN ha^‐1) as 28% liquid N solution. Significant main effects of environment (E), and hybrid (H), and E x H interaction were detected for all measured parameters. SPAD readings and leaf N concentration at all sampling times (V7, R1, and R4) as well as grain N concentration were affected by N fertilizer rate. Maximum mean grain yield and maximum grain N concentration were obtained at 110 and 195 kg N ha^‐1, respectively. At all sampling times the correlation of SPAD readings to N fertilizer rate were low but significant (R=0.22 at V7 and R1, R=0.11 at R4). SPAD correlation to corresponding leaf N concentration improved over time. The Pearson correlation was R=0.33 at V7 and increased to R=0.78 at R4. The SPAD meter did a good job at providing a measure of the relative greenness of living leaves at a specific point in time. Chlorophyll readings can therefore be useful in detecting N deficiencies in growing crops. But, the SPAD meter cannot be used to make accurate predictions of how much fertilizer N will be needed by a crop during the future growing season. We conclude then that the SPAD meter will be most useful as a diagnostic aid rather than a tool for N management in corn.