主要蔬菜作物基因组含量统计与比较分析

 基因组含量又称基因组大小或DNA 1C值,是指物种配子染色体组所含DNA的量。基因组含量是比较和进化基因组学研究的基础。为掌握蔬菜基因组含量变化规律,利用植物DNA 1C值数据库和相关文献收集整理了主要蔬菜作物的基因组含量信息,通过统计比较分析得到以下主要结论：（1）流式细胞术（Flow Cytometry,FC）是测定蔬菜基因组含量的最佳方法;（2）睡莲科的莲藕（Nelumbo nucifera）是目前已知的基因组含量最小（0.24 pg）的蔬菜,石蒜科的自然四倍体藠头（Allium chinense）基因组含量最大（32.75 pg）;（3）主要蔬菜种类中,石蒜科（19.08 pg）蔬菜平均基因组含量最高,十字花科（0.78 pg）和葫芦科（0.78 pg）蔬菜最低;（4）多年生和单子叶蔬菜平均基因组含量分别极显著高于非多年生蔬菜和双子叶蔬菜。     

Genomic Sequence and Experimental Tractability of a New Decapod Shrimp Model,Neocaridina denticulata

The speciose Crustacea is the largest subphylum of arthropods on the planet after the Insecta. To date, however, the only publically available sequenced crustacean genome is that of the water flea, Daphnia pulex, a member of the Branchiopoda. While Daphnia is a well-established ecotoxicological model, previous study showed that one-third of genes contained in its genome are lineage-specific and could not be identified in any other metazoan genomes. To better understand the genomic evolution of crustaceans and arthropods, we have sequenced the genome of a novel shrimp model, Neocaridina denticulata, and tested its experimental malleability. A library of 170-bp nominal fragment size was constructed from DNA of a starved single adult and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. Core eukaryotic genes, the mitochondrial genome, developmental patterning genes (such as Hox) and microRNA processing pathway genes are all present in this animal, suggesting it has not undergone massive genomic loss. Comparison with the published genome of Daphnia pulex has allowed us to reveal 3750 genes that are indeed specific to the lineage containing malacostracans and branchiopods, rather than Daphnia-specific (E-value: 10⁻⁶). We also show the experimental tractability of N. denticulata, which, together with the genomic resources presented here, make it an ideal model for a wide range of further aquacultural, developmental, ecotoxicological, food safety, genetic, hormonal, physiological and reproductive research, allowing better understanding of the evolution of crustaceans and other arthropods.     

基于BLAST与比较基因组学方法计算鉴定青鳉鱼的microRNA前体

microRNA（miRNA）是一类长度为18～25 nt的单链小分子RNA。它可以调控基因的表达调控。通过与目标mRNA的特定位点的结合,从而抑制蛋白质的翻译或诱导该mRNA的降解。目前鱼类miRNA方面以斑马鱼miRNA的研究较多。为发掘另一种鱼类模式生物——青鳉鱼（Oryzias latipes,medeka）的miRNA,利用BLAST同源搜索方法与比较基因组学方法,并根据成熟miRNA的序列保守性以及miRNA前体（premiRNA）的二级结构的特征,对该模式生物的pre-miRNA进行了计算鉴定与分析。通过与miRBase19中已经发布的miRNA进行比较,在青鳉鱼基因组中共找到了56条新序列。设定miRNA基因间距的阈值为5000nt,新发现的与已知的pre-miRNA共形成31个基因簇。同时,这56条新发现的pre-miRNA可以划分到33个已知的基因家族中,并分析了新发现的、保守miRNA的靶标与功能。     

奶牛乳房炎相关基因的功能基因组学研究进展

功能基因组学是在基因组水平上系统、全面的分析基因的功能,主要研究技术有差异显示反转录PCR、表达序列标签、基因表达系列分析、微阵列、RNA干涉、蛋白质组学及生物信息学等。综述了功能基因组学主要研究技术及其在奶牛乳房炎相关基因的表达、抗性候选基因的鉴定、病原菌蛋白质组学、基因治疗等方面的应用研究进展。     

SNP-based genotyping and whole-genome sequencing reveal previously unknown genetic diversity in Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum,causal agent of banana xanthomonas wilt,in its presumed Ethiopian origin

For decades, Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm) has been an economically important bacterial pathogen on enset in Ethiopia. Since 2001, Xvm has also been responsible for significant losses to banana crops in several East and Central African countries, with devastating consequences for smallholder farmers. Understanding the genetic diversity within Xvm populations is essential for the smart design of transnationally reasoned, durable, and effective management practices. Previous studies have revealed limited genetic diversity in Xvm, with East African isolates from banana each falling into one of two closely related clades previously designated as sublineages SL 1 and SL 2, the former of which had also been detected on banana and enset in Ethiopia. Given the presumed origin of Xvm in Ethiopia, we hypothesized that both clades might be found in that country, along with additional genotypes not seen in Central and East African bananas. Genotyping of 97 isolates and whole-genome sequencing of 15 isolates revealed not only the presence of SL 2 in Ethiopia, but additional diversity beyond SL 1 and SL 2 in four new clades. Moreover, SL 2 was detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where previously SL 1 was the only clade reported. These results demonstrate a greater range of genetic diversity among Xvm isolates than previously reported, especially in Ethiopia, and further support the hypothesis that the East/Central Africa xanthomonas wilt epidemic has been caused by a restricted set of genotypes drawn from a highly diverse pathogen pool in Ethiopia.     

棉属多倍化研究进展

多倍化在许多植物的物种形成及其随后的进化过程中发挥了关键作用。棉花是一个大属,一些棉种的起源发生过多倍体化,部分二倍体种是染色体二倍化的多倍体,比克氏棉最典型,拟似棉最复杂,还有D基因组的旱地棉和B基因组的3个种。陆地棉等5个异源四倍体种是多倍体化典型,是由A与D基因组近似的祖先种经过杂交和染色体加倍的双二倍体。它们的D亚组供体亲本种,前人认同的是雷蒙德氏棉,然而近期荧光原位杂交和叶绿体基因组学研究,提出了雷蒙德氏棉可能不是陆地棉亲本种的观点。四倍体棉种形成的多倍体化过程有多种推论,较为共识的时期是中更新世,结合近期包括叶绿体在内的基因组学的研究支持中更新世或更后些时候。荧光原位杂交、包括叶绿体在内的基因组学将为棉花多倍化分析提供更多的证据。     

Comparison of heritabilities of dairy traits in Australian Holstein‐Friesian cattle from genomic and pedigree data and implications for genomic evaluations

The reliability of genomic evaluations depends on the proportion of genetic variation explained by the DNA markers. In this study, we have estimated the proportion of variance in daughter trait deviations (DTDs) of dairy bulls explained by 45 993 genome wide single‐nucleotide poly‐ morphism (SNP) markers for 29 traits in Australian Holstein‐Friesian dairy cattle. We compare these proportions to the proportion of variance in DTDs explained by the additive relationship matrix derived from the pedigree, as well as the sum of variance explained by both pedigree and marker information when these were fitted simultaneously. The propor‐ tion of genetic variance in DTDs relative to the total genetic variance (the total genetic variance explained by the genomic relationships and pedigree relationships when both were fitted simultaneously) varied from 32% for fertility to approximately 80% for milk yield traits. When fitting genomic and pedigree relationships simultaneously, the variance unexplained (i.e. the residual variance) in DTDs of the total variance for most traits was reduced compared to fitting either individually, suggesting that there is not complete overlap between the effects. The proportion of genetic variance accounted by the genomic relationships can be used to modify the blending equations used to calculate genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) from direct genomic breeding value (DGV) and parent average. Our results, from a validation population of young dairy bulls with DTD, suggest that this modification can improve the reliability of GEBV by up to 5%.     

大麦EMS突变群体的创建及功能评价

为开展麦类作物功能基因组学研究,选用综合性状突出的大麦品种Tamalpais,通过化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)处理,创建了含有10 389个M2单株的突变群体。该群体数据分析表明,温室条件下,6.21%的M2幼苗呈现叶片颜色变异;大田实验中,M2群体出现丰富的表型变异,主要包括幼苗匍匐、分蘖、株高、生育期、叶色、叶形、叶条纹、叶斑、穗部特征、育性等,其中幼苗匍匐、分蘖、株高、叶色、叶条纹、叶斑的突变频率分别为0.11%、6.03%、0.13%、2.5%、0.18%、0.17%。抽样调查显示,M2世代的胚坏死率较低,仅有9%左右的单株表现出过半的胚坏死率。运用TILLING技术成功获得大麦COI1同源基因的突变体,筛选结果同时表明,该突变群体的突变频率约为平均每673kb一个点突变。因此,Tamal-pais群体突变表型丰富、TILLING检测可行,可作为麦类作物基因图位克隆与功能验证的重要素材,适用于麦类作物的正向和反向遗传学研究。     

1个水稻产量QTL区段及品系特异性重复序列的比较分析

为克隆1个水稻产量QTL,对遗传作图亲本珍汕97和明恢63物理图谱上与该QTL相对应的区段进行了比较分析,关闭了2个物理图谱在该区段的物理缺口,对该区段珍汕97和明恢63BAC末端序列分别与日本晴参考序列之间的预测单核苷酸多态性SNP位点进行了检验,发现大部分预测SNP序列正确,而有一部分预测SNP为BAC末端测序错误...     

从遗传学、基因组学回顾与展望杂种优势的应用

早在3 000年前人类就发现了杂种优势现象,但在农业生产上较大面积种植杂交种,是在20世纪30年代.经过大半个世纪的发展,杂种优势已在多种作物上推广,为解决人类的食品供给发挥了重大作用.回顾孟德尔遗传学的研究历史,从正向遗传学的方法所得结果,来研讨杂种优势利用的成效和机理.DNA分子结构的发现,使遗传学得到升华;基因组学又把遗传学带入崭新的领域,极大地促进了生物科学的创新.从现有分子生物学的研究和基因组分析所获得的知识将成为理解杂种优势的重要基础.同时,分析了杂种优势的研究方向和突破途径.