Risk Factors for the Development of Hypokalemia in Neonatal Diarrheic Calves

Background

Neonatal diarrheic calves have a clear negative potassium balance because of intestinal losses and decreased milk intake but in the presence of acidemia, they usually show normokalemic or hyperkalemic plasma concentrations.

Objectives

To assess whether marked hypokalemia occurs in response to the correction of acidemia and dehydration and to identify factors that are associated with this condition.

Animals

Eighty‐three calves with a clinical diagnosis of neonatal diarrhea.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Calves were treated according to a clinical protocol using an oral electrolyte solution and commercially available packages of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, 0.9% saline and 40% dextrose infusion solutions.

Results

The proportion of hypokalemic calves after 24 hours of treatment (19.3%) was twice as great as it was on admission to the hospital. Plasma K⁺ after 24 hours of treatment was not significantly correlated to venous blood pH values at the same time but positively correlated to venous blood pH values on admission (r = 0.51, P < .001). Base excess on admission (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70–0.94), duration of diarrhea (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.05–1.80), milk intake during hospitalization (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.37–0.79) and plasma sodium concentrations after 24 hours (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01–1.25) were identified to be independently associated (P < .05) with a hypokalemic state after 24 hours of treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Findings of this study suggest that marked depletion of body potassium stores is evident in diarrheic calves that suffered from marked metabolic acidosis, have a low milk intake and a long history of diarrhea.     

海鲈游泳续航时间和运动代谢规律研究

为研究海鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)的游泳续航能力和游泳过程中的物质代谢规律,以深水网箱养殖的3月龄海鲈为研究对象,采用游泳续航时间和生化指标作为评测海鲈游泳能力和代谢规律的方法进行了试验。结果显示,海鲈的游泳续航时长为200 min,其续航能力强于大黄鱼而弱于美国红鱼。在游泳过程中,海鲈血糖浓度升高,但差异性不显著(P＞0.05),肌糖原随着时间的增加显著减少(P＜0.05),且肌糖原浓度在海鲈疲劳时接近于0。当鱼接近100%疲劳时,其肝糖原浓度也接近于0;当海鲈以不同疲劳程度游泳时,其肌肉乳酸脱氢酶浓度会显著升高(P＜0.05)。表明海鲈的续航游泳过程伴随着无氧呼吸和有氧呼吸。     

鳜鱼和奥利亚罗非血乳酸脱氢酶酶谱的比较

哺乳类动物各种组织和器官的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶较稳定,酶带分布非常有规律,同源组织的LDH同工酶酶谱通常相似和稳定。鱼类LDH同工酶复杂得多,有三分之二品种中,其LDH同工酶类似哺乳类动物的酶谱;但在其余三分之一种类中,两个亚基随机结合受到限制,出现了不规则酶谱,有的只有2—3条酶带,有的超过5条酶带。即使具有5条酶带的鱼中,其骨骼肌和心肌LDH在电泳酶谱上迁移快慢正好与哺乳类动物相反。此外鱼类C基因产物并不特定在某一组织或器官中,一些鱼的     

恩诺沙星糖精复合物的制备及其表征

以糖精、恩诺沙星1：2（W／W）制备恩诺沙星糖精复合物。采用x射线粉末衍射、差式扫描热量法、红外分析法进行表征,同时采用抑菌实验和餐食量实验来进一步表征。抑菌实验表明复合物的抑菌作用是原料药的1．6倍左右,餐食量实验表明复合物的餐食量是原料药的1．5倍左右。恩诺沙星糖精复合物制备工艺简单,能够掩盖药物的苦味,适口性好,改善了药物的难溶性。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在吉富罗非鱼、中国对虾体内的残留规律研究

模拟水产养殖实际,每天以剂量为50μg/g(鱼体重)的恩诺沙星分别给吉富罗非鱼、中国对虾投喂药饵,周期为7d,研究恩诺沙星在罗非鱼和对虾体内的残留与代谢规律,制定停药期。实验结果发现,恩诺沙星在鱼、虾体内均代谢为环丙沙星。在停药的"零"时,鱼肌肉、肝脏和血液中恩诺沙星的含量分别为(3 61±1 02)μg/g、(5 96±2 12)μg/g、(1 25±0 23)μg/mL,消除半衰期分别为15 61,16 83,17 19h。鱼肌肉中代谢物环丙沙星的最高含量为(0 22±0 06)μg/g,消除半衰期67 3h;中国对虾体内恩诺沙星与环丙沙星的最高含量分别为(1 68±0 41)μg/g、(0 066±0 03)μg/g,消除半衰期分别为27 9,33 6h。在本实验条件下,建议罗非鱼的停药期为22d,中国对虾为12d。     

The effect of water pH on swimming performance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

A Brett-type respirometer was used to measure the effect of water pH on swimming performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Variations in water pH between 6 and 9 had no measurable effect on maximum aerobic swimming speed. At water pH 4, 5, and 10, however, the critical velocity was only 55, 67, and 61% respectively of that recorded for fish in water of pH 7. Exposure to acid conditions increased coughing and breathing frequency. Acid exposure resulted in a decrease whereas alkaline exposure resulted in an increase in both whole blood and red blood cell pH. Blood gas and acid-base characteristics showed little change during swimming at 2.0 BL/second, but exhaustive swimming resulted in a marked and immediate drop in blood pH in fish in acid, alkaline and neutral water. The blood acid-base status was restored to resting levels after exercise in neutral and alkaline water, but the acidosis was maintained following exercise in acid water. Fatigue occurred earlier and blood lactate levels increased to a higher level in fish swum to exhaustion in acid or alkaline water, compared with fish in neutral water.     

Hormonal regulation of metabolism in hepatocytes of the ureogenic teleostopsanus beta

Short-term exposure of isolated toadfish hepatocytes to high concentrations (100 nM) of glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP) or epinephrine significantly increases the rate of lactate gluconeogenesis (1.3-fold) and glycogenolysis (5- to 7-fold). Half-maximal responsiveness to GLP is reached at about 2 nM for gluconeogenesis and 6 nM for glycogenolysis, while the value for glycogenolysis activated by catfish glucagon is 28 nM. Cells do not to respond to 5 nM epinephrine. Norepinephrine, urotensin II and leucine-enkephalin, each applied at 100 nM, increase the rate of glycogenolysis by 1.3 to 1.5-fold. All other hormones tested (vasotocin, isotocin, VIP, methionine-enkephalin, ovine prolactin, -endorphin, APY, salmon insulin) failed to affect metabolic flux through glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. None of the hormones altered the rate of urea synthesis or the rate of lactate oxidation by hepatocytes. Although toadfish hepatocytes are responsive to hormonal stimuli, they do not appear to be a useful model to study evolutionary trends in short-term hormonal regulation of urea synthesis. However, the obvious differences in mechanisms of control of urea synthesis in this species compared with ureogenic amphibians and mammals open an intriguing avenue for research.     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在奶山羊的药动学及乳中药物浓度

本试验研究单剂量静脉注射、肌肉注射和乳房灌注恩诺沙星（2.5mg/kg)在健康奶山羊的药动学及乳中药物浓度。采用HPLC法测定血浆和乳中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的浓度，用统计矩原理处理血浆中药物浓度－时间数据，计算非房室模型的药动学参数。静脉注射、肌肉注射和乳房灌注恩诺沙星的t1/2β分别为1.32、1．55、0．99h;AUC为1．06、3．04、2．66mghL^-1；恩诺沙星的代谢分数为35．01％、44．06％、45．73％；环丙沙星的t1/2β为1．81、2．94、2．32h。乳中的药物浓度高于同期血中药物浓度，且乳中环丙沙星浓度高于恩诺沙星浓度并维持更长的时间。